Medical Conditions
Find information about medical conditions, symptoms, treatments, and the specialists who can help.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a swelling in the lower part of the aorta, the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Symptoms may not be noticeable initially, but when they do occur, they can include a pulsating feeling in the abdomen, sudden pain in the back or abdomen, or a feeling of fullness. Treatment options vary depending on the size and growth rate of the aneurysm. Small aneurysms may simply be monitored over time, while larger or rapidly growing ones might require surgical intervention, either through open surgery or endovascular repair. To reduce the risk of developing an AAA, it’s advisable to manage risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, and high cholesterol. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and routine health check-ups can also contribute to lowering your risk. The causes of an abdominal aortic aneurysm can include a combination of factors, such as age, genetic predisposition, and conditions that weaken the artery wall, including atherosclerosis.
Heartburn and acid reflux
Discover more about heartburn, which is a burning sensation in the chest resulting from stomach acid moving up towards the throat (known as acid reflux). If this occurs frequently, it could be a sign of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD).
Acanthosis nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans refers to the appearance of dark, thickened areas of skin, commonly found in the armpits, groin, and neck. Learn about the primary causes and available treatment options.
Reflux in babies
Reflux is a condition where a baby regurgitates milk during or shortly after feeding. This is quite common in infants and usually occurs when the contents of the stomach flow back up into the oesophagus. While it can be concerning for parents, most babies outgrow this issue as their digestive systems mature.
Achalasia
Achalasia is a condition affecting the oesophagus, where it loses the ability to transport food effectively. Additionally, the valve at the lower end of the oesophagus does not open properly, making it difficult for food to pass into the stomach.
Acid and chemical burns
Acid and chemical burns occur when the skin or eyes come into contact with corrosive substances, leading to damage. These burns can be caused by various chemicals, including acids like hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, and alkalis such as sodium hydroxide. Common sources include household cleaners, industrial products, and certain agricultural chemicals. If you or someone else suffers from a chemical burn, it's essential to seek medical assistance promptly. You can visit your local A&E department or contact your GP for advice. In cases of severe burns, call for emergency help immediately. For first aid, the initial step is to remove the source of the burn. If the chemical is on the skin, carefully remove any contaminated clothing and rinse the affected area with copious amounts of lukewarm water for at least 20 minutes. For eye exposure, flush the eyes with clean water or saline for at least 10 minutes, ensuring that the water runs from the inner corner to the outer corner to avoid further irritation. After providing first aid, seek medical attention even if the burn appears minor, as some chemicals can cause delayed reactions. Treatment for acid and chemical burns will depend on the severity of the injury and may include pain relief, wound care, and in some cases, surgery to repair damaged tissue. Always follow the guidance of healthcare professionals for the best outcome.
Acne
Acne is a widespread skin condition that impacts many individuals at various stages of life. It leads to the formation of spots, excess oiliness, and occasionally, skin that feels warm or tender when touched.
Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma)
An acoustic neuroma is a benign brain tumour that develops on the vestibular nerve, which connects the inner ear to the brain. Learn about the symptoms, treatment options, and prognosis associated with this condition.
Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a condition characterised by the abnormal enlargement of the hands, feet, and various other body parts. It typically occurs due to an excess of growth hormone, often caused by a benign tumour on the pituitary gland. Common symptoms include noticeable growth in the size of hands and feet, facial changes such as a protruding jaw or enlarged nose, and thickened skin. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to seek medical advice, as early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the condition and prevent complications. Treatment options usually involve surgery to remove the tumour, medication to regulate hormone levels, or radiation therapy. Regular follow-up with your healthcare provider is essential for monitoring and managing the condition effectively.
Acute cholecystitis
Acute cholecystitis refers to the inflammation of the gallbladder, commonly triggered by a gallstone obstructing the cystic duct.
Actinic keratoses (solar keratoses)
Learn more about actinic keratoses, which are areas of skin that have been harmed by sun exposure.
Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to a rapid decline in kidney function, which can lead to the kidneys not functioning effectively. This condition can vary in severity, from a slight reduction in kidney performance to total kidney failure.
Acute myeloid leukaemia
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a fast-growing cancer that affects the myeloid cells, which are crucial for producing blood cells in the body. This condition can lead to a range of symptoms, including fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and unexplained weight loss. The exact causes of AML are not fully understood, but certain risk factors, such as previous chemotherapy, exposure to radiation, and certain genetic disorders, may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Diagnosing AML typically involves blood tests to check for abnormal blood cell counts, as well as a bone marrow biopsy to confirm the presence of leukaemic cells. Treatment options for AML often include chemotherapy to target and destroy the cancer cells, and in some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended to help restore healthy blood cell production. It’s essential for patients to discuss their individual treatment plans with their healthcare team to determine the best approach for their specific situation.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious condition that affects the lungs, leading to severe breathing difficulties. It can occur in anyone but is more common in individuals with certain risk factors. Those at higher risk include people with underlying health issues such as pneumonia, sepsis, or significant injuries, as well as those who have undergone major surgery. Symptoms of ARDS typically develop quickly and may include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and a feeling of suffocation. Patients might also experience a persistent cough and low oxygen levels, which can be life-threatening. Treatment for ARDS primarily focuses on supporting the patient's breathing. This often involves the use of mechanical ventilation to ensure adequate oxygen supply. Other treatments may include medications to manage underlying causes, such as antibiotics for infections or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the lungs. The causes of ARDS can vary widely. Common triggers include severe infections, trauma, inhalation of harmful substances, and complications from other medical conditions. Understanding these factors is crucial for prevention and timely management of the syndrome.
Acute pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas that can cause severe abdominal pain and other symptoms. Common signs include intense pain in the upper abdomen that may radiate to the back, nausea, vomiting, fever, and a rapid pulse. The pain often worsens after eating. The treatment for acute pancreatitis typically involves hospitalisation, where the patient is usually given fluids through an IV and may require pain relief. In some cases, a low-fat diet is recommended until the inflammation subsides. If gallstones or alcohol consumption are the underlying causes, further interventions may be necessary, such as surgery to remove gallstones or lifestyle changes to reduce alcohol intake. Most individuals recover fully with appropriate care, although the severity of the condition can vary.
Addison's disease
Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone. Symptoms of Addison's disease can include extreme fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and darkening of the skin, as well as cravings for salt. The causes of this condition often involve autoimmune issues, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the adrenal glands, but it can also result from infections, such as tuberculosis, or other medical conditions that affect the adrenal glands. Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore the levels of cortisol and aldosterone in the body. This is usually done through daily oral medications, and patients may need to adjust their dosage during times of stress, illness, or injury. With appropriate treatment, individuals with Addison's disease can lead healthy, active lives.
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis is a condition where the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. This can lead to various symptoms, including heavy or painful periods, pelvic pain, and discomfort during intercourse. If you suspect you have adenomyosis, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional who can provide a proper diagnosis and discuss your symptoms in detail. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include pain relief medication, hormonal therapies to manage symptoms, or surgical interventions in more severe cases. It’s essential to have an open discussion with your doctor about the best approach for your situation.
ADHD in adults
Learn about ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in adults, including its symptoms, the process for obtaining a diagnosis, and effective management strategies.
ADHD in children and young people
Learn about ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in children and teenagers, including its symptoms, the process for obtaining a diagnosis, and effective management strategies.
What is AMD? - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Discover more about age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a condition that primarily impacts individuals aged over 50. This condition typically results in a slow decline in central vision.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic condition that impacts the body's ability to produce melanin, the pigment responsible for the colour of the skin, hair, and eyes.
Alcohol misuse
Alcohol misuse refers to the consumption of large quantities of alcoholic beverages by an individual.
Alcohol-related liver disease
Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is a condition that results from excessive alcohol consumption leading to liver damage. It can progress through various stages of severity and presents a variety of symptoms.
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis, often referred to as hay fever, is an allergic reaction that affects the nasal passages. Common symptoms include sneezing, a runny or blocked nose, itchy eyes, and a scratchy throat. These symptoms can occur when you come into contact with allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or mould. To manage allergic rhinitis, there are several effective strategies. Over-the-counter antihistamines can help reduce symptoms, while nasal corticosteroids may be recommended for more persistent issues. Avoiding known allergens and keeping windows closed during high pollen seasons can also be beneficial. Additionally, maintaining a clean living environment can help minimise exposure to dust and pet allergens. It's important to seek medical advice if your symptoms are severe, persistent, or if over-the-counter treatments are not providing relief. A healthcare professional can offer personalised guidance and may suggest allergy testing or prescription medications to help manage your condition effectively.
Alcohol poisoning
Alcohol poisoning is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when an individual consumes a large amount of alcohol in a short period. Symptoms of alcohol poisoning include confusion, vomiting, seizures, slow or irregular breathing, hypothermia, and unconsciousness. If you suspect that you or someone else may be experiencing alcohol poisoning, it's crucial to seek immediate medical help. While waiting for assistance, try to keep the person awake and sitting up, if possible. Do not leave them alone, and never attempt to “sober them up” with coffee or cold showers, as these can worsen the situation. Treatment for alcohol poisoning typically involves supportive care in a hospital setting, where medical staff can monitor vital signs and provide oxygen or intravenous fluids, if necessary. The causes of alcohol poisoning usually stem from binge drinking or consuming excessive amounts of alcohol in a short timeframe, which overwhelms the body's ability to process it safely. Understanding these aspects can help prevent alcohol poisoning and ensure prompt action is taken when needed.
Actinomycosis
Actinomycosis is a rare bacterial infection caused by a group of bacteria known as Actinomyces. This condition typically occurs when these bacteria, which are normally found in the mouth and digestive tract, enter the body through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes. The symptoms of actinomycosis can vary depending on the area affected. Common signs include swelling, abscesses, and pain, often accompanied by fever and fatigue. The condition can affect various parts of the body, including the jaw, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Treatment for actinomycosis usually involves a long course of antibiotics, which may last several months, depending on the severity of the infection. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue. To lower the risk of developing actinomycosis, it's important to maintain good oral hygiene and manage any dental issues promptly. Additionally, avoiding trauma to the skin and treating any open wounds properly can help reduce the likelihood of infection.
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia. Dementia refers to a collection of symptoms that indicate a deterioration in brain function, which impacts memory and behaviour.
Allergies
Learn about allergies, including common symptoms, frequently encountered allergens, when to seek urgent medical assistance, and the various methods for allergy testing and treatment options available.
Altitude sickness
Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS), can occur when you ascend to high altitudes too quickly. Symptoms typically begin to appear at elevations above 2,500 metres (8,200 feet) and may include headaches, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, and difficulty sleeping. In more severe cases, it can lead to high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) or high altitude cerebral oedema (HACE), both of which are serious conditions. To treat altitude sickness, the most effective approach is to descend to a lower altitude as soon as possible. Staying hydrated and resting can also help alleviate mild symptoms. Over-the-counter pain relievers may provide relief from headaches, while anti-nausea medications can assist with feelings of sickness. Preventing altitude sickness is mainly about acclimatisation. Gradually ascending to higher altitudes allows your body to adjust. It’s recommended to increase your altitude by no more than 300 to 500 metres (1,000 to 1,600 feet) per day, and to spend an extra day at higher altitudes if you start feeling unwell. Staying well-hydrated and avoiding alcohol can also reduce the risk of developing altitude sickness.
Iron deficiency anaemia
Discover more about iron deficiency anaemia, including its symptoms, when you should seek medical advice, the tests and treatments available, and the potential causes of the condition.
Anabolic steroid misuse
Anabolic steroids are medications that can only be obtained with a prescription. However, some individuals use them without medical supervision to enhance muscle growth and boost athletic performance.
Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia
Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia arises when there is an insufficient amount of vitamin B12 or folate, leading the body to produce unusually large red blood cells.
Anal cancer
Learn about anal cancer, including its symptoms, steps to take if you suspect you have it, treatment options, and available support resources.
Anal fistula
An anal fistula is a small tunnel-like structure that forms between the end of the bowel and the skin near the anus. This condition often arises after an abscess in the anal area, which is a painful collection of pus. Symptoms of an anal fistula can include persistent pain or discomfort around the anus, swelling, and sometimes bleeding or discharge of pus or stool from the opening on the skin. Those affected may also experience itching or irritation in the area. The primary causes of an anal fistula are usually linked to previous anal abscesses, inflammatory bowel disease, or infections. Other potential factors can include trauma to the anal region or certain medical conditions that affect the immune system. When it comes to treatment, surgery is typically required to repair the fistula. The specific procedure will depend on the fistula's location and complexity. In some cases, doctors may recommend additional treatments such as antibiotics or sitz baths to alleviate symptoms. Regular follow-up is essential to ensure proper healing and to monitor for any complications.
Anal fissure
Anal fissures are small tears in the lining of the anus that can cause discomfort and pain. Common symptoms include sharp pain during bowel movements, bleeding from the anus, and itching or irritation in the affected area. Several factors can contribute to the development of anal fissures. These include passing hard or large stools, chronic constipation or diarrhoea, and straining during bowel movements. Other causes may involve anal intercourse or conditions that affect the anal region, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment for anal fissures typically focuses on relieving pain and promoting healing. This may involve dietary changes to increase fibre intake and ensure softer stools, as well as drinking plenty of fluids. Over-the-counter pain relief and topical ointments can help manage discomfort. In more severe cases, a healthcare professional may recommend prescription medications or, in rare instances, surgical options to repair the fissure.
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of immature white blood cells. Common symptoms of ALL include fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, fever, and weight loss. If you suspect you may have ALL, it’s important to consult your GP as soon as possible. They will perform necessary tests and may refer you to a specialist for further evaluation. Treatment for ALL typically involves chemotherapy to kill the cancer cells, and in some cases, a stem cell transplant may be necessary. Support is available through various organisations, including cancer charities and support groups, which can provide both emotional and practical assistance for patients and their families.
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly. Symptoms often appear within minutes of exposure to an allergen and can include difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, a rapid or weak pulse, hives, and a feeling of impending doom. If you or someone else experiences these symptoms, it is crucial to seek immediate medical assistance. Call 999 or go to the nearest Accident and Emergency department, as anaphylaxis requires urgent treatment. The primary treatment for anaphylaxis is an injection of adrenaline, which can help to reduce symptoms and stabilise the individual. People who are at risk of anaphylaxis are often advised to carry an adrenaline auto-injector (such as an EpiPen) with them at all times. To prevent anaphylaxis, it’s important to identify and avoid known allergens. This may involve reading food labels carefully, informing restaurant staff about allergies, and being cautious with medications and insect stings. If you have a history of severe allergies, working with a healthcare professional to create an action plan can be beneficial.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a rare condition that impacts how a person's genitals and reproductive organs develop.
Brain aneurysm
A brain aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel in the brain that can occur when the vessel wall weakens. Symptoms of a brain aneurysm can vary; some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others might have headaches, vision problems, or difficulty speaking. If you notice sudden and severe headaches, changes in vision, or any unusual neurological symptoms, it’s crucial to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment for a brain aneurysm often depends on its size, location, and whether it has ruptured. Options may include monitoring the aneurysm, surgical procedures to clip or coil it, or other interventions to prevent a rupture. To reduce the risk of an aneurysm bursting, it’s advisable to manage blood pressure, avoid smoking, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and follow a balanced diet. Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider can also help monitor your risk factors.
Angina
Angina is a form of chest pain that occurs when the heart does not receive enough blood. It is important to recognise the symptoms associated with angina and understand the available treatment options.
Angelman syndrome
Angelman syndrome is a genetic condition that impacts the nervous system, leading to significant physical and intellectual disabilities.
Angioedema
Angioedema is a condition characterized by swelling in the deeper layers of the skin, often affecting areas such as the face, lips, throat, and sometimes the hands and feet. Symptoms typically include sudden swelling, which may be accompanied by pain or a burning sensation. In some cases, it can also lead to difficulty breathing if the throat swells significantly. This condition can occur due to various reasons, including allergic reactions to foods, medications, or insect stings, as well as non-allergic factors like stress or certain medical conditions. Inherited angioedema, which is less common, is linked to genetic factors that affect the body’s ability to regulate swelling. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. For mild cases, antihistamines may be effective in reducing symptoms, while more serious cases may require corticosteroids or other medications. In emergency situations, particularly when breathing is compromised, immediate medical attention is essential.
Animal and human bites
If you’ve been bitten by an animal or human, it’s important to know the right steps to take. Start by cleaning the wound gently with soap and water to reduce the risk of infection. Apply a clean bandage afterwards. If the bite is deep, bleeding heavily, or shows signs of infection such as redness, swelling, or pus, seek medical attention promptly. You may also need to visit a healthcare professional if the bite is from a wild animal or if you’re unsure of the animal’s vaccination status, especially for rabies. Additionally, ensure your tetanus vaccinations are up to date, as bites can sometimes introduce bacteria that lead to tetanus. In some cases, you might require further treatment, such as antibiotics to prevent infection or a tetanus shot. Always err on the side of caution and consult a doctor if you have any concerns regarding a bite.
Swollen ankles, feet and legs (oedema)
Learn about swelling in the ankles, feet, and legs, known as oedema. This condition can cause noticeable puffiness in these areas. Common reasons for oedema include prolonged sitting or standing, injuries, certain medications, and underlying health issues such as heart, kidney, or liver problems. If you experience swelling, it's important to elevate your legs, reduce salt intake, and stay active. However, if the swelling persists or worsens, seeking medical advice is essential to identify any underlying causes and receive appropriate treatment.
Lazy eye
Learn more about amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, which is a condition where vision in one eye fails to develop as it should.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic condition that falls under the umbrella of axial spondyloarthritis. It primarily leads to inflammation in the spine and can also affect other parts of the body.
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition that increases the risk of blood clots. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. Symptoms of APS can vary widely. Some individuals may experience recurrent blood clots, which can lead to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism. Others might have complications during pregnancy, such as repeated miscarriages or pre-eclampsia. In rarer cases, APS can cause strokes or transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs), as well as skin rashes or livedo reticularis, which is a mottled skin appearance. The exact cause of antiphospholipid syndrome isn't fully understood, but it can occur on its own (primary APS) or alongside other autoimmune disorders, such as lupus (secondary APS). Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing APS, including a family history of blood clots or autoimmune diseases, and certain infections or medications. Treatment for APS focuses on reducing the risk of blood clots. This usually involves anticoagulant medications, such as warfarin or heparin, which help to thin the blood. In some cases, lifestyle changes, like maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking, can also be beneficial. It’s important to seek medical advice if you experience symptoms like swelling, pain in the legs, sudden shortness of breath, or unusual bleeding, particularly if you have a history of blood clots or autoimmune conditions. Early diagnosis and management are crucial in preventing serious complications associated with antiphospholipid syndrome.
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch connected to the large intestine. Symptoms typically include sharp pain in the lower right abdomen, which may start around the navel and then move to the right side. Other signs can include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, and abdominal swelling. If you suspect you have appendicitis, it’s important to seek medical attention promptly. A healthcare professional will conduct an examination and may order imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan, to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment usually involves an appendectomy, which is the surgical removal of the appendix. This procedure can be done through open surgery or minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed if the appendicitis is mild or if surgery is not immediately necessary. Complications can arise if appendicitis is left untreated, including a ruptured appendix, which can lead to serious infections within the abdominal cavity, known as peritonitis. Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.
Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmia)
Learn about the signs of heart rhythm issues, their potential causes, and the right time to consult your GP.
Arthritis
Arthritis is a common condition that causes inflammation in the joints, leading to pain and stiffness. There are several primary types of arthritis, with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis being the most prevalent. Osteoarthritis typically develops as a result of wear and tear on the joints, while rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks the joints. The symptoms of arthritis can vary but often include joint pain, swelling, reduced range of motion, and sometimes redness or warmth in the affected areas. These symptoms can fluctuate, with some days being better than others. Treatment options for arthritis aim to relieve symptoms and improve joint function. These may include medications such as pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy to enhance mobility, and lifestyle changes to manage weight and strengthen muscles around the joints. In some cases, surgical interventions may be necessary. Self-care strategies are also important in managing arthritis. Regular gentle exercise can help maintain joint flexibility and reduce stiffness. Applying heat or cold to the affected joints can provide relief, and maintaining a healthy diet can support overall well-being. It's essential to seek medical advice if you experience persistent joint pain, swelling, or stiffness that interferes with your daily activities. Early intervention can help manage the condition more effectively and improve quality of life.
Autism
NHS guide to autism. Learn about autism and its typical characteristics. Access support and guidance if you or your child are on the autism spectrum.
Aspergillosis
Learn more about aspergillosis, which refers to a range of conditions brought on by a type of mould known as aspergillus.
Asthma
Discover more about asthma, a prevalent condition that impacts breathing. Learn about its symptoms, available treatments, and how it can influence your daily life.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a widespread eye condition that affects how light enters the eye, leading to blurred or distorted vision. This occurs due to an irregular shape of the cornea or the lens, which prevents light from focusing properly on the retina. Common symptoms include difficulty seeing clearly at any distance, headaches, eye strain, and trouble with night vision. Treatment options for astigmatism typically involve corrective lenses, such as glasses or contact lenses, which help to refocus light onto the retina. In some cases, refractive surgery, like LASIK, may be considered to permanently change the shape of the cornea. It's important to consult an eye care professional for a comprehensive eye examination and to discuss the best treatment options tailored to individual needs.
Ataxia
Ataxia refers to a collection of conditions that impact coordination, balance, and speech. Learn about the primary types, their underlying causes, and the available treatment options.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a build-up of fatty deposits, known as plaques. This process can lead to various health issues, including heart disease and strokes. Symptoms of atherosclerosis can vary depending on which arteries are affected. Some people may not experience any symptoms until the condition is advanced. Common signs can include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, fatigue, and in more severe cases, heart attacks or strokes. To help prevent atherosclerosis from worsening, it's essential to adopt a healthy lifestyle. This includes eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, regularly exercising, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking. Managing stress and monitoring blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes are also crucial in reducing the risk. Treatment options for atherosclerosis may involve lifestyle changes, medications to lower cholesterol or blood pressure, and in some cases, surgical procedures to open or bypass blocked arteries. The causes of atherosclerosis include a combination of factors such as high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and a sedentary lifestyle. Genetics and age can also play a role in an individual's risk of developing this condition.
Amyloidosis
Amyloidosis is a condition that occurs when an abnormal protein called amyloid builds up in various organs and tissues, affecting their normal function. Symptoms can vary widely depending on which organs are impacted, but common signs include fatigue, weight loss, swelling in the legs and ankles, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, and difficulty breathing. If you experience any of these symptoms, it's important to seek medical advice. You should consult your GP, who may refer you to a specialist for further evaluation and testing. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective management of the condition. The exact cause of amyloidosis is not always clear, but it can be associated with certain diseases, such as multiple myeloma or chronic inflammatory conditions. Treatment options depend on the type of amyloidosis and the organs involved. They may include medications to manage symptoms, chemotherapy to reduce amyloid production, or in some cases, organ transplants. Regular follow-ups with healthcare professionals are essential to monitor the condition and adjust treatment as needed.
Athlete's foot
Athlete's foot is a widespread fungal infection that affects the skin on the feet. It typically causes symptoms such as itching, burning, and redness, often between the toes or on the soles. The infection is primarily caused by fungi that thrive in warm, damp environments, making places like swimming pools and locker rooms common sources of transmission. Treatment usually involves antifungal creams or powders that can be applied directly to the affected area. In more severe cases, oral antifungal medication may be necessary. Keeping your feet clean and dry, as well as wearing breathable footwear, can help prevent this condition.
Atopic eczema
Atopic eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a common skin condition that leads to dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. Symptoms typically include persistent itching, red or brownish patches, and thickened, scaly skin, which can appear on various parts of the body, particularly in the creases of the elbows and knees, as well as on the face and neck. The exact cause of atopic eczema is not fully understood, but it is believed to be linked to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Individuals with a family history of allergies, asthma, or hay fever are more likely to develop this condition. Triggers can include irritants like soaps and detergents, allergens such as pollen or pet dander, as well as stress and changes in weather. Treatment options for atopic eczema aim to relieve symptoms and prevent flare-ups. Moisturisers are essential for keeping the skin hydrated, while topical corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation during flare-ups. In more severe cases, doctors might recommend other treatments, such as immunosuppressants or biologics, to help manage the condition. Additionally, avoiding known triggers and maintaining a consistent skincare routine can be beneficial in controlling symptoms.
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is a condition that leads to an irregular heartbeat. It can cause various symptoms, including palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness. For some individuals, it may not present any noticeable symptoms at all. Treatment options for atrial fibrillation typically include medications to help control the heart rate or rhythm, as well as blood thinners to reduce the risk of stroke. In some cases, procedures like cardioversion or ablation may be recommended. Living with atrial fibrillation can affect daily life, as it may lead to anxiety or limitations in physical activity. However, with appropriate management and lifestyle adjustments, many people with this condition can lead full and active lives.
Auditory processing disorder (APD)
Learn about auditory processing disorder, a condition that makes it challenging to comprehend sounds, including spoken language.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Learn about autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a genetic condition that leads to the formation of small fluid-filled sacs, known as cysts, in the kidneys.
Bird flu
Bird flu, also known as avian influenza, is a viral infection that primarily affects birds but can also infect humans. Symptoms in people can vary but often include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, and in more severe cases, difficulty breathing or pneumonia. Treatment typically involves antiviral medications, which are most effective when administered early in the course of the illness. To minimise your risk of contracting bird flu, it's advisable to avoid close contact with birds, especially if they appear sick or are found dead. Additionally, practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and cooking poultry thoroughly, can further reduce the likelihood of infection. Staying informed about outbreaks in your area can also help you take necessary precautions.
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an uncommon genetic disorder that affects children, leading to abnormal development of the kidneys and liver.
Back pain
Discover ways to alleviate back pain, understand its potential causes, and learn when it's important to seek medical attention.
Bacterial vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a frequent reason for experiencing unusual vaginal discharge. It's important to note that BV is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Baker's cyst
A Baker's cyst, also known as a popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac that forms behind the knee. It can develop when excess synovial fluid accumulates in the knee joint, often due to conditions like arthritis or a knee injury. If a Baker's cyst is causing discomfort or pain, there are several treatment options available. These may include rest, ice application, compression, and elevation to reduce swelling. Over-the-counter pain relief can also be helpful. In some cases, a GP may suggest draining the cyst or injecting corticosteroids to alleviate symptoms. It's important to seek medical advice if you experience severe pain, swelling, or if the cyst affects your mobility, as these could be signs of a more serious issue.
Balanitis
Balanitis is a condition characterised by inflammation of the glans penis, leading to swelling and discomfort. It can cause various symptoms, including redness, itching, and pain in the affected area. The condition may arise from several causes, such as poor hygiene, infections, or skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis. Treatment options typically involve maintaining proper hygiene, applying topical creams or ointments, and, in some cases, taking oral medications if an infection is present. It's important to seek medical advice if symptoms persist, worsen, or if you experience severe pain, as this may indicate a more serious underlying issue.
Asbestosis
Asbestosis is a serious lung disease that results from inhaling asbestos, a material commonly used in construction from the 1950s until the 1990s.
Aphasia
Aphasia is a condition that impacts your ability to communicate. It can create difficulties with speaking, understanding others, reading, writing, and working with numbers. Learn more about its symptoms, treatment options, and underlying causes.
Bartholin's cyst
A Bartholin's cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms when one of the Bartholin glands, located on either side of the vaginal opening, becomes blocked. These glands are responsible for producing fluid that helps lubricate the vagina. Symptoms of a Bartholin's cyst can include swelling or a lump near the vaginal opening, discomfort during sexual intercourse, or pain when sitting or walking. In some cases, the cyst may not cause any symptoms at all and can go unnoticed. If you experience significant pain, swelling, or signs of infection such as fever, redness, or discharge, it's important to seek advice from your GP. They can assess your condition and recommend appropriate treatment options.
Bedbugs
Learn about bedbugs, including how to identify an infestation, methods for eliminating them, and ways to treat bites from these pests.
Behçet's disease
Behçet's disease is an uncommon and not well-understood condition that can cause inflammation (swelling) in blood vessels and tissues throughout the body.
Bell's palsy
Discover more about Bell's palsy, a condition that leads to temporary weakness or paralysis in the muscles on one side of the face.
Enlarged prostate
Learn about benign prostate enlargement (BPE), a common condition that affects many men as they age. BPE occurs when the prostate gland increases in size, which can lead to various symptoms. Common signs include a frequent need to urinate, especially at night, difficulty starting or stopping urination, a weak urine flow, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. Treatment options for BPE can vary based on the severity of symptoms. Lifestyle changes, such as reducing fluid intake before bedtime and limiting caffeine and alcohol, can help manage mild symptoms. For more significant issues, medications like alpha-blockers or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors may be prescribed to ease symptoms or reduce the size of the prostate. In cases where medication is ineffective, minimally invasive procedures or surgery might be considered to relieve the symptoms and improve quality of life.
Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma)
Learn about bile duct cancer, including its symptoms, when to seek medical assistance, the testing and diagnosis process, treatment options, and where to access support and help.
Non-cancerous (benign) brain tumours
Learn about non-cancerous (benign) brain tumours, including their symptoms and treatment options.
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)
Schistosomiasis is an infection that can be contracted from freshwater sources in tropical regions. Learn how to prevent infection, recognize the symptoms, and understand the available treatments.
Birthmarks
Learn about birthmarks, including details on six primary types, guidance on when to consult a GP, and insights into whether treatment is necessary.
Black eye
A black eye refers to the bruising and swelling that occurs around the eye, typically resulting from an impact or blow to the area.
Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is a condition that occurs when abnormal cells grow in the bladder. Common symptoms include blood in the urine, frequent urination, a burning sensation while urinating, and lower back pain. If you suspect you may have bladder cancer, it’s important to consult your doctor promptly for further evaluation and testing. Treatment options for bladder cancer depend on the stage and grade of the disease. They may include surgery to remove the tumour, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiation therapy. Your healthcare team will work with you to determine the best approach based on your individual circumstances. Support is available for those affected by bladder cancer. Various organisations offer resources, information, and counselling services to help patients and their families cope with the challenges of the diagnosis and treatment.
Bladder pain syndrome (BPS)
Bladder pain syndrome, often referred to as interstitial cystitis, is a chronic condition characterised by discomfort or pain in the bladder and pelvic region. Common symptoms include a frequent urge to urinate, pain during urination, and persistent pelvic pain. The severity of these symptoms can vary widely among individuals. Treatment options for bladder pain syndrome focus on alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life. These may include lifestyle changes, such as dietary adjustments and bladder training, as well as medications to relieve pain and inflammation. In some cases, physical therapy or bladder instillations may be recommended. For those with more severe symptoms, procedures such as nerve stimulation or surgery might be considered. It's important for individuals experiencing these symptoms to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plan.
Blisters
Blisters are small pockets of fluid that form on the skin, often as a result of friction, burns, or allergic reactions. To treat a blister at home, it’s important to keep the area clean and protected. You can cover it with a sterile dressing to prevent infection. If the blister is large or painful, you may gently drain it by sterilising a needle and puncturing the edge, but be careful to leave the overlying skin intact to protect the underlying tissue. To prevent blisters, wear well-fitting shoes, use protective gloves for manual tasks, and apply moisture-wicking socks when exercising. Staying dry and avoiding repeated friction can significantly reduce the risk of developing blisters. Seek medical advice if a blister becomes increasingly painful, shows signs of infection such as redness, warmth, or pus, or if you have a blister that does not heal properly.
Symptoms - Sepsis
Sepsis can affect both children and adults, and it's crucial to recognise its symptoms early. Common signs in children may include a high fever, a rapid heartbeat, difficulty breathing, confusion, or feeling very unwell. In infants, symptoms might present as irritability, difficulty waking, or a weak cry. For adults, symptoms often include a high temperature or low body temperature, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, confusion, and extreme discomfort or pain. If you or someone you know is showing these symptoms, it's important to seek medical assistance immediately. You can contact your GP, visit a local urgent care centre, or call emergency services if the situation appears severe. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes in cases of sepsis.
Bladder stones
Bladder stones are hard mineral deposits that form in the bladder, often resulting from concentrated urine. Symptoms can include pain during urination, frequent urination, blood in the urine, and lower abdominal discomfort. These stones typically develop when the bladder does not empty completely, leading to concentrated minerals that crystallise. Other contributing factors may include dehydration, urinary infections, or certain medical conditions that affect urine flow. Treatment for bladder stones usually involves either non-invasive techniques, such as ultrasound to break them up, or surgical procedures to remove them if they are larger or causing significant issues. To help prevent bladder stones, staying well-hydrated is crucial, as it dilutes the urine and reduces the risk of mineral crystallisation. Regularly emptying the bladder and managing any underlying health conditions can also be beneficial in minimising the chances of developing these stones.
Blepharitis
Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelids, often leading to discomfort and irritation. Common symptoms include redness, swelling, crusting along the eyelid margins, and a gritty sensation in the eyes. You might also experience excessive tearing or dry eyes. It's important to seek medical advice if you have persistent symptoms, experience significant discomfort, or if your vision is affected. A healthcare professional can help determine the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment. To manage and prevent blepharitis, you can practice good eyelid hygiene. Regularly cleaning your eyelids with warm compresses or eyelid wipes can help remove debris and reduce inflammation. If necessary, your doctor may prescribe antibiotic ointments or medications to control the condition. Maintaining a consistent eyelid care routine can significantly improve symptoms and help prevent flare-ups.
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
Learn about low blood pressure, also known as hypotension, including its symptoms, when you should have your blood pressure checked, and the available treatments for this condition.
High blood pressure
Learn about high blood pressure, including how to determine if you have it, the factors that contribute to its development, and effective strategies to reduce it.
Bone cyst
Bone cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in bones. They often occur in children and adolescents and may be found in various locations within the skeleton. While many bone cysts do not cause symptoms and may be discovered incidentally during X-rays for other reasons, some can lead to pain or swelling, particularly if they weaken the bone structure. The exact cause of bone cysts isn't fully understood, but they are believed to result from a variety of factors, including developmental issues or trauma to the bone. Certain types of cysts, like aneurysmal bone cysts, may be related to abnormal blood vessel growth in the bone. Treatment for bone cysts depends on their size, location, and whether they are causing any symptoms. In many cases, observation may be sufficient, especially if the cyst is not causing any problems. If treatment is necessary, options may include: 1. **Surgical Removal**: This involves taking out the cyst, especially if it is large or symptomatic. 2. **Curettage**: The cyst can be scraped out, and the area may be filled with a bone graft to promote healing. 3. **Injection**: In some cases, steroids may be injected into the cyst to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Your healthcare provider will assess the situation and recommend the most appropriate approach based on individual circumstances. If you suspect you have a bone cyst or are experiencing related symptoms, it's important to consult a medical professional for accurate diagnosis and advice.
Boils
Learn more about boils and carbuncles, which are red, painful swellings on the skin typically resulting from a bacterial infection.
Bowel cancer
Learn about bowel cancer, including its symptoms, what steps to take if you suspect you have it, the treatment options available, and where you can find support.
Botulism
Botulism is an uncommon yet serious condition that requires urgent medical attention. Learn about the symptoms, causes, and ways to reduce your risk of contracting it.
Bowel incontinence
Bowel incontinence, often referred to as faecal incontinence, is the inability to control bowel movements, leading to the unintentional loss of stool. Symptoms may vary but typically include a sudden urge to go to the toilet, difficulty holding in stool, and accidental leakage. Several factors can contribute to bowel incontinence. These may include damage to the muscles or nerves around the anus, which can occur due to childbirth, surgery, or medical conditions such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis. Other causes can involve chronic constipation, diarrhoea, or conditions affecting the digestive system. Treatment options for bowel incontinence depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. They may include dietary changes, pelvic floor exercises to strengthen the muscles, medications to manage symptoms, or, in some cases, surgical interventions to repair damage or improve function. Seeking advice from a healthcare professional is important for developing an effective management plan.
Bowel polyps
Bowel (colonic) polyps are small growths that develop on the inner surface of the bowel. They frequently do not cause any noticeable symptoms, but it is generally recommended that they be removed.
Brain death
Brain stem death occurs when an individual has completely lost all functions of the brain stem, resulting in a permanent absence of consciousness and the ability to breathe independently.
Bowen's disease
Bowen's disease is a very early and easily treatable type of skin cancer. It typically presents as a red, scaly patch on the skin that may be itchy or bleed. These patches can appear anywhere on the body but are most commonly found on sun-exposed areas like the face, neck, and hands. The primary cause of Bowen's disease is prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun or tanning beds. Other factors that may contribute include a weakened immune system, exposure to certain chemicals, and pre-existing skin conditions. Fortunately, Bowen's disease is highly treatable. Various treatment options are available, including topical chemotherapy, cryotherapy (freezing the lesion), laser therapy, and surgical excision. The choice of treatment often depends on the size and location of the lesion, as well as the patient's overall health. Regular monitoring and follow-up are important to ensure the condition does not recur.
Flat head syndrome (plagiocephaly and brachycephaly)
Learn more about flat head syndrome, which includes conditions known as plagiocephaly and brachycephaly. This condition can affect babies by causing their heads to develop an unusual shape. There are several ways to support your baby's head shape, including adjusting their sleeping positions and providing plenty of tummy time while they are awake. Understanding the causes of flat head syndrome is also important, as it can arise from factors such as lying in one position for extended periods or certain birth circumstances.
Brain abscess
A brain abscess is a pus-filled mass located within the brain. This condition is uncommon and can be life-threatening, typically resulting from an infection or a serious head injury.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
A subarachnoid haemorrhage is an uncommon yet serious form of stroke that requires immediate medical attention. Learn more about its symptoms, causes, and the recovery process.
Brain tumours
A brain tumour is an abnormal mass of cells in the brain that grows uncontrollably. Learn about the symptoms associated with it and the available treatment options.
Breast cancer in men
Breast cancer can affect anyone, including men. It's important to understand breast cancer in men, including the signs to watch for, steps to take if you suspect you may have it, treatment options available, and where to seek support.
Breast abscess
Breast abscesses are localized collections of pus that can develop in the breast tissue. Common symptoms include swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area, along with pain and tenderness. You may also notice a lump that feels firm or engorged, and in some cases, there can be discharge from the nipple. If you suspect you have a breast abscess, it's important to seek medical advice. You can visit your GP, who may refer you to a specialist for further evaluation. In some cases, you may need to go to a breast clinic for more focused care. Treatment typically involves draining the abscess, which can be done in a clinic or hospital setting. This procedure helps to remove the pus and relieve pressure. In addition, antibiotics may be prescribed to help clear any underlying infection. Breast abscesses can be caused by various factors, including infections, blocked milk ducts, or even trauma to the breast. Women who are breastfeeding are particularly at risk, but abscesses can occur in anyone. Understanding the causes and symptoms can help in seeking prompt treatment and preventing complications.
Breath-holding in babies and children
Breath-holding in infants and young children is a common occurrence, often triggered by strong emotions such as frustration, anger, or fear. During an episode, the child may briefly stop breathing, which can lead to a change in skin colour, usually turning pale or blue. Although this can be alarming for parents, most episodes are harmless and resolve quickly without any medical intervention. It's important to know when to seek medical advice. If your child experiences frequent breath-holding spells, or if an episode lasts longer than a minute, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional. Additionally, if your child shows signs of distress after an episode or has difficulty breathing afterwards, you should seek immediate medical help. During a breath-holding episode, the best course of action is to remain calm. There’s no need to shake or shout at the child; instead, gently reassure them. After the episode, comfort your child and encourage them to breathe normally. Keeping a close eye on their emotional triggers can also help reduce the frequency of these episodes.
Breast cancer in women
Breast cancer can affect anyone. Learn about breast cancer in women, including its symptoms, what steps to take if you suspect you have it, treatment options available, and where to seek support.
Broken ankle
Learn how to identify the signs of a broken ankle (fracture) and understand when it's important to seek medical attention. Additionally, discover the treatment options for a broken ankle and the typical healing time involved.
Broken arm or wrist
Learn how to recognise the signs of a broken arm or wrist, where to seek medical assistance, and what the typical healing time is.
Broken collarbone
Discover the signs of a broken collarbone, where to seek medical assistance, and the typical healing time involved.
Broken finger or thumb
Discover how to identify a broken finger or thumb, the steps you should take, and the expected healing time.
Broken hip
A broken hip, often referred to as a hip fracture, is a serious injury typically caused by a fall or impact, particularly in older adults. Common symptoms include severe pain in the hip or groin area, difficulty in moving the leg, and an inability to bear weight on the affected side. The leg may also appear shorter and turned outward. Treatment for a hip fracture usually involves surgery to repair the broken bone. This may include the use of screws, plates, or a hip replacement, depending on the type and severity of the fracture. After surgery, a rehabilitation programme is essential to help regain strength and mobility. This may involve physical therapy and gradual weight-bearing exercises. Recovery can vary, but many individuals can expect to return to their daily activities within several months. It's important to follow the advice of healthcare professionals during the recovery process to ensure the best possible outcome.
Broken leg
If you suspect that you or someone else has a broken leg, it's important to take the right steps. First, keep the injured person still and avoid moving them if possible, as this can prevent further injury. Seek medical attention immediately, either by calling for an ambulance or getting to a hospital. In terms of treatment, a broken leg usually involves realigning the bone, which may require a cast or, in some cases, surgery to insert pins or plates. The duration of recovery can vary based on the severity of the break and the specific treatment received, but it typically takes about 6 to 8 weeks for bones to heal sufficiently. Rehabilitation exercises may be recommended afterwards to restore strength and mobility.
Broken or bruised ribs
Discover the healing time for injured ribs, tips for self-care during your recovery, and guidance on when to seek medical attention.
Broken nose
Learn about the symptoms of a broken nose, how to care for it at home, and when it's important to consult a healthcare professional.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a respiratory condition that impacts how you breathe. It occurs when the airways in the lungs become damaged and widened, leading to a build-up of mucus. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including a persistent cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and frequent lung infections. Treatment for bronchiectasis typically focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may involve using antibiotics to treat infections, bronchodilators to open the airways, and physiotherapy techniques to help clear mucus from the lungs. In some cases, more advanced treatments may be necessary. Living with bronchiectasis can be challenging, as it may affect daily activities and overall quality of life. It's important to work closely with healthcare professionals to develop a personalised care plan, which can help manage the condition and maintain a good standard of living. Regular check-ups and monitoring are also essential to ensure proper management of the condition.
Bronchiolitis
Discover more about bronchiolitis, including its symptoms, treatment options, and underlying causes.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your lungs. The main symptoms include a persistent cough, production of mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort. To alleviate these symptoms, you can try staying hydrated, using a humidifier, and avoiding irritants like smoke or strong fumes. If you're looking for support, your GP or a pharmacist can provide advice and treatment options. Treatment for bronchitis may involve rest, increased fluid intake, and sometimes medications such as bronchodilators or corticosteroids, depending on the severity and cause of your condition.
Brucellosis
Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria from the Brucella genus, often linked to livestock. It can be contracted through direct contact with infected animals or by consuming unpasteurised dairy products. Symptoms of brucellosis can vary but typically include fever, sweats, fatigue, headaches, muscle pain, and joint pain. Some individuals may also experience gastrointestinal issues like nausea and vomiting. If you suspect you have brucellosis, it’s essential to seek medical advice promptly. Your doctor may recommend blood tests to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment usually involves a course of antibiotics, which may last several weeks. It's crucial to complete the entire prescribed course to ensure the infection is fully eradicated. Early treatment can help prevent complications and improve recovery time.
Bunions
Bunions are bony lumps that develop at the base of the big toe, caused by a misalignment of the toe joint. Symptoms often include pain, swelling, and redness around the affected area, as well as difficulty finding comfortable footwear. Treatment options for bunions depend on the severity of the condition. Initially, conservative measures can be effective. These might include wearing wider shoes, using orthotic inserts, and applying ice to reduce swelling. Pain relief can also be managed with over-the-counter medications. If these methods do not alleviate symptoms, or if the bunion becomes more severe, surgical options may be considered. This could involve realigning the toe or removing the bunion altogether. To help prevent bunions from forming, it’s advisable to choose well-fitting shoes with a broad toe box and to avoid high heels or tight-fitting footwear. Regular foot exercises and maintaining a healthy weight can also support foot health and reduce the risk of developing bunions.
Burns and scalds
Burns and scalds refer to skin injuries caused by heat. The treatment for both types of injuries is the same.
Bone cancer
Bone cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the bones. Symptoms may include persistent bone pain, swelling, and fractures that occur without a clear reason. In some cases, individuals might also experience fatigue, unexplained weight loss, or a noticeable lump over the affected area. The exact cause of bone cancer is often unclear, but certain genetic conditions, previous radiation treatment, and certain pre-existing conditions can increase the risk. There are different types of bone cancer, with osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma being among the most common in younger individuals, while chondrosarcoma usually affects adults. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of cancer and may include surgery to remove the tumour, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals usually collaborates to create a tailored treatment plan for each patient.
Bursitis
Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa, which are small, fluid-filled sacs that cushion the bones, tendons, and muscles near your joints. Common symptoms of bursitis include swelling, pain, and tenderness around the affected area, often worsening with movement. You may also experience stiffness and limited range of motion in the joint. It’s important to seek medical advice if you have persistent pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected joint, especially if the symptoms do not improve with home treatment. In some cases, you may need to consult a healthcare professional to rule out other conditions. Treatment for bursitis typically includes rest, ice application to reduce swelling, and over-the-counter pain relief medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol. In some instances, a doctor might recommend physical therapy or corticosteroid injections to alleviate symptoms. To prevent bursitis, it’s wise to avoid repetitive motions that strain your joints, maintain a healthy weight, and ensure you use proper techniques during activities or sports. Regular strength and flexibility exercises can also help keep your joints healthy and reduce the risk of bursitis.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when carbon monoxide (CO), a colourless and odourless gas, is inhaled, leading to harmful effects on the body. Common symptoms include headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, nausea, confusion, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to loss of consciousness or even death. If you suspect carbon monoxide poisoning, it’s crucial to get fresh air immediately. Leave the area and call for emergency medical help. Do not re-enter the space until it has been properly ventilated and checked for CO levels. The primary cause of carbon monoxide poisoning is the incomplete burning of fuels, which can occur in appliances such as gas boilers, stoves, or fireplaces. Other sources include car exhaust fumes and generators used indoors. Treatment typically involves administering oxygen to the affected person, which helps to remove carbon monoxide from the bloodstream. In severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be necessary. To prevent carbon monoxide poisoning, ensure that all fuel-burning appliances are well-maintained and properly ventilated. Installing a carbon monoxide detector in your home can provide an early warning of dangerous levels of the gas. Regularly check and replace batteries in the detector to ensure it functions correctly.
Cancer
Discover more about cancer, including potential symptoms, various types of cancer, standard treatment options, causes, and strategies to lower your risk. You can also find details on waiting times for diagnosis and treatment.
Broken toe
Learn about the signs of a broken toe, when it's important to seek medical attention, and how to care for it at home.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy refers to a range of conditions that affect the heart muscle. In this condition, the walls of the heart chambers may become stretched, thickened, or stiff, impacting the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to a range of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels. The primary types include coronary heart disease, which affects the arteries supplying blood to the heart, and stroke, which occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted. Other forms of CVD include peripheral artery disease and heart failure. Several factors contribute to the development of CVD. These include high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and diabetes. Additionally, age, family history, and certain genetic factors can increase an individual's risk. To lower your chances of developing cardiovascular disease, it's important to lead a healthy lifestyle. This can involve maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, engaging in regular physical activity, managing stress, and avoiding tobacco products. Regular health check-ups can also help monitor your blood pressure and cholesterol levels, allowing for early intervention if necessary.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition that leads to discomfort and tingling sensations in the hand due to pressure on a nerve in the wrist. Learn about its causes and the available treatment options.
Cataracts in adults
Cataracts in adults are a common eye condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, leading to vision problems. Symptoms often include blurred or cloudy vision, difficulty seeing at night, sensitivity to light, and seeing halos around lights. Some people may also experience changes in colour perception or frequent changes in their glasses prescription. Surgery is the primary treatment for cataracts and is typically recommended when the cataracts significantly affect daily activities. During the procedure, the cloudy lens is removed and usually replaced with an artificial lens, which can restore clear vision. The surgery is generally safe and effective, allowing many people to regain their sight and improve their quality of life.
Catarrh
Catarrh is the term used to describe the excessive production of mucus in the nose and throat, often leading to a feeling of congestion. Common symptoms include a blocked or runny nose, a sore throat, coughing, and a general feeling of discomfort in the head and face. To help alleviate catarrh, there are several measures you can take. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids can help thin the mucus. Inhaling steam from a bowl of hot water or taking a hot shower can also provide relief by opening up the nasal passages. Over-the-counter decongestants may assist in reducing swelling in the nasal membranes, making it easier to breathe. It's important to seek medical advice if symptoms persist for more than a few weeks, if you experience severe pain, or if you notice blood in your mucus. A healthcare professional can provide guidance and may recommend treatments such as nasal sprays, antihistamines, or other medications to manage your symptoms effectively.
Cellulitis
Cellulitis is a serious infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin. Learn about its symptoms, causes, treatment options, and potential complications.
Cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy is a neurological condition that affects movement and coordination. It is caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain, often occurring before, during, or shortly after birth. Symptoms can vary widely but typically include difficulties with muscle control, stiffness or floppiness in the limbs, problems with balance and coordination, and challenges with speech and communication. Some individuals may also experience seizures, learning difficulties, or issues with vision and hearing. If you notice any signs of developmental delays or unusual movements in a child, it’s important to seek medical advice. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly improve outcomes. Treatment for cerebral palsy usually involves a multidisciplinary approach. This may include physical therapy to enhance movement and strength, occupational therapy to assist with daily activities, and speech therapy for communication challenges. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage symptoms such as muscle stiffness or seizures. Surgical options may also be considered to address specific issues. The outlook for individuals with cerebral palsy can vary. Many people lead fulfilling lives with the right support and resources. While the condition is lifelong, ongoing therapies and interventions can help improve mobility and independence, enabling individuals to achieve their personal goals.
Brugada syndrome
Brugada syndrome is a heart condition that affects your heart's electrical activity, leading to an increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Symptoms often include fainting, palpitations, or in some cases, no symptoms at all. If you experience any of these symptoms, especially if you have a family history of heart issues, it is crucial to seek medical advice promptly. Medical help should be sought at the first sign of symptoms, or if you have concerns about your heart health. You can visit your GP or a cardiologist for an assessment. Emergency assistance is essential if someone collapses or has a seizure, as this might indicate a serious heart problem. The exact causes of Brugada syndrome are not fully understood, but it is often linked to genetic factors. Certain mutations in genes that affect heart rhythm can contribute to the condition. Environmental factors and some medications may also trigger symptoms. Treatment for Brugada syndrome typically involves managing the risk of arrhythmias. This may include lifestyle changes, avoiding certain medications, and in some cases, the implantation of a device called an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to monitor and correct abnormal heart rhythms. Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider are important for managing the condition effectively.
Cervical spondylosis
Cervical spondylosis refers to neck pain that results from age-related degeneration of the bones in the neck region of the spine, as well as the soft tissue cushions known as discs. This condition is often a result of the natural wear and tear that occurs over time.
Cervical cancer
Cervical cancer refers to cancer that develops in the cervix, which is the narrow passage connecting the vagina to the womb.
Bullous pemphigoid
Discover more about bullous pemphigoid, an uncommon skin disorder that typically begins with an itchy, elevated rash on the skin.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) refers to a collection of genetic disorders that result in nerve damage, which in turn can lead to muscle weakness and a loss of sensation.
Chest infection
Learn about chest infections, including their symptoms, self-care measures, and how a pharmacist or GP can assist you. Typically, a chest infection will resolve on its own within 7 to 10 days.
Cavernoma
A cavernoma is a type of vascular malformation in the brain or spinal cord, consisting of a cluster of abnormal blood vessels that can form a small cavity or "cavern." These malformations may not cause any symptoms, but when they do, they can lead to headaches, seizures, or neurological issues depending on their location. It's crucial to monitor symptoms closely, as some individuals may experience changes over time, which could indicate the need for further evaluation or treatment. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as MRI scans, which can provide detailed images of the cavernoma and help assess its size and impact on surrounding tissues. Treatment options vary based on the symptoms and the size of the cavernoma. In some cases, if it remains asymptomatic, no immediate action may be necessary, and regular check-ups may be sufficient. However, if symptoms are present or there is a risk of bleeding, surgical intervention may be recommended to remove the cavernoma. Other treatments, such as stereotactic radiosurgery, may also be considered in certain situations.
Charles Bonnet syndrome
Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) is a condition that affects individuals with visual impairment, leading to the experience of visual hallucinations. These hallucinations can vary in complexity, from simple shapes and patterns to detailed images of people or scenes. It's important to note that those affected are usually aware that these visions are not real. The primary cause of CBS is related to significant vision loss, which can be due to various eye conditions such as cataracts, macular degeneration, or glaucoma. The brain, in response to the lack of visual stimuli, may create these hallucinations. While there is no specific treatment for CBS, managing the underlying visual impairment can help reduce the frequency and intensity of the hallucinations. Supportive measures, such as reassurance and education about the syndrome, can also be beneficial. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help alleviate symptoms if they become distressing. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of CBS, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for guidance and support.
Chilblains
Chilblains are painful, itchy swellings that typically appear on the toes, fingers, ears, and nose after exposure to cold weather. They occur when the skin reacts to cold and damp conditions, leading to inflammation of small blood vessels. Symptoms often include redness, swelling, and discomfort in the affected areas. The main causes of chilblains are sudden changes in temperature, such as coming indoors from the cold, or prolonged exposure to cold, damp environments. Individuals with poor circulation or those who tend to have cold extremities are more susceptible. To treat chilblains at home, it’s important to gradually warm the affected areas. Avoid direct heat sources like hot water or heating pads, as this can worsen the condition. Instead, warm the skin gently with your hands or by soaking in lukewarm water. Keeping the affected areas dry and protected can also help. Over-the-counter creams may relieve itching and inflammation. If your symptoms persist or worsen, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for further advice.
Chickenpox
Discover more about chickenpox, a highly contagious infection that results in a bothersome, itchy rash with spots.
Chipped, broken or cracked tooth
A dentist has several methods for treating a chipped, broken, or cracked tooth, depending on the severity of the damage. For minor chips, they may use dental bonding, where a tooth-coloured resin is applied to restore the tooth’s shape and appearance. If a larger portion of the tooth is missing, a crown might be recommended to cover and protect the tooth. In cases where the crack extends into the pulp, a root canal may be necessary to remove any infected tissue before placing a crown. For teeth that are severely damaged and cannot be saved, extraction may be the only option. It’s important to see a dentist promptly to determine the best course of action and prevent further complications.
Chiari malformation
A Chiari malformation is a condition where the brain tissue extends into the spinal canal, typically due to a structural defect in the skull. This can lead to various issues, including headaches, neck pain, balance problems, and neurological symptoms. The exact cause of a Chiari malformation is often unknown, but it can be present at birth or develop over time due to factors like injury or changes in the spine. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of symptoms and may include medication for pain relief or surgery to relieve pressure on the brain and spinal cord.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can affect both men and women. Many people with chlamydia may not experience any symptoms, but when symptoms do occur, they can include painful urination, unusual discharge from the genitals, and pain during sexual intercourse. In women, it can also cause pelvic pain, while men may experience swelling or pain in the testicles. Treatment for chlamydia typically involves a course of antibiotics, which are effective in clearing the infection. It's important for both partners to be treated to prevent reinfection. Following treatment, a follow-up test may be recommended to ensure the infection has been fully resolved. Preventing chlamydia involves practising safe sex, such as using condoms and having regular STI screenings, especially if you have new or multiple sexual partners. Open communication with partners about sexual health is also crucial in reducing the risk of infection.
Cholera
Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is primarily transmitted through contaminated water or food. To reduce the risk of contracting cholera, it’s essential to drink safe, clean water, eat properly cooked food, and practice good hygiene, especially in areas where cholera is common. Symptoms of cholera typically include severe diarrhoea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can develop rapidly. If you experience these symptoms, it is crucial to seek medical assistance immediately. Treatment for cholera mainly involves rehydration, often through oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids in more severe cases. Antibiotics may also be prescribed to shorten the duration of the illness. If you suspect you have cholera, contact your local healthcare provider or visit the nearest medical facility for prompt care.
What is high cholesterol? - High cholesterol
Cholesterol is a type of fat found in your blood that is essential for building cells and producing certain hormones. However, too much cholesterol can lead to health issues. High cholesterol levels can be caused by various factors, including an unhealthy diet high in saturated fats and trans fats, lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, and genetic predisposition. Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels is crucial because elevated cholesterol can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits in your arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. To lower your cholesterol, consider adopting a healthier diet that includes more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while reducing saturated and trans fats. Regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and, if necessary, medication prescribed by your doctor can also help manage your cholesterol levels effectively.
Childhood cataracts
Childhood cataracts develop when the lens in a child's eye undergoes changes that make it less clear, leading to blurred or hazy vision.
Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma is an uncommon ear condition that can lead to difficulties with hearing and balance. It occurs when skin cells grow inappropriately in the middle ear, often as a result of repeated ear infections. Symptoms may include persistent ear discharge, hearing loss, a feeling of fullness in the ear, and sometimes dizziness. If you experience these symptoms, it’s important to seek medical advice to prevent further complications. Treatments typically involve surgery to remove the cholesteatoma and repair any damage to the ear, along with antibiotics if an infection is present.
Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)
Learn about myalgic encephalomyelitis, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This is a persistent condition that presents a variety of symptoms, with severe fatigue being one of the most prominent.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term lung condition that makes it difficult to breathe. The main symptoms include a persistent cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and tightness in the chest. COPD is primarily caused by long-term exposure to harmful substances, most commonly cigarette smoke, but can also be triggered by air pollution, dust, and chemical fumes. Treatment for COPD aims to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. This can include medications such as bronchodilators and steroids, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercising. In more severe cases, oxygen therapy or surgery may be necessary. Regular check-ups with a healthcare professional are essential for managing the condition effectively.
Chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to function effectively. This decline in kidney function can lead to a build-up of waste products in the body, which can be harmful. Symptoms of CKD can be quite subtle in the early stages and may include fatigue, swollen ankles, changes in urination frequency, and high blood pressure. As the condition progresses, individuals might experience more severe symptoms such as nausea, shortness of breath, and a reduced appetite. Diagnosis of CKD typically involves blood tests to measure kidney function, as well as urine tests to check for protein or blood. Imaging tests like ultrasounds may also be used to assess the kidneys' structure. Treatment for CKD focuses on managing symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease. This can involve lifestyle changes such as adopting a healthy diet, controlling blood pressure, and managing diabetes if applicable. In more advanced cases, medications may be prescribed, and some individuals might eventually require dialysis or a kidney transplant.
What is chronic lymphocytic leukaemia? - Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a less common form of blood cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It primarily impacts the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell essential for the immune system. Symptoms of CLL can vary, but often include persistent fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, frequent infections, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats. The treatment for CLL depends on various factors, including the stage of the disease and the patient's overall health. Common approaches include watchful waiting for those with mild symptoms, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or immunotherapy. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be considered. Regular consultations with a healthcare provider are crucial to determine the best course of action tailored to individual needs.
Chronic pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term inflammation of the pancreas, which can lead to permanent damage. Common symptoms include persistent abdominal pain, often in the upper abdomen, that may radiate to the back. Individuals may also experience weight loss, digestive issues such as diarrhoea or fatty stools, and nausea. Treatment for chronic pancreatitis focuses on managing symptoms and addressing complications. This may include lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and following a low-fat diet. Pain relief can be managed with medications, and in some cases, enzyme supplements may be prescribed to aid digestion. In more severe cases, surgical options might be considered to relieve pain or address complications. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to monitor the condition and adjust treatment as necessary.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive brain condition that deteriorates gradually and can result in dementia.
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is a condition characterised by severe liver scarring, which can result from various causes, including chronic alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and certain autoimmune diseases. The liver becomes damaged over time, leading to a decline in its ability to function properly. Symptoms of cirrhosis can vary greatly and may not appear until the disease is advanced. Common signs include fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss. As the condition progresses, individuals might experience more severe symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), swelling in the legs and abdomen, and confusion or difficulty thinking clearly due to a buildup of toxins in the brain. Certain groups of people are at a higher risk of developing cirrhosis. This includes those with a history of heavy alcohol consumption, individuals infected with hepatitis B or C, and those with obesity or diabetes. Additionally, conditions like fatty liver disease and certain genetic disorders can also increase the likelihood of cirrhosis. Treatment for cirrhosis focuses on managing the underlying cause and preventing further liver damage. This may involve lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthier diet, avoiding alcohol, and maintaining a healthy weight. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms or treat the underlying disease. If cirrhosis progresses to liver failure, a liver transplant may be necessary. Regular monitoring and check-ups with a healthcare professional are crucial for anyone at risk or diagnosed with cirrhosis.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and degenerative brain disorder that can occur in several forms. The main types include sporadic CJD, which occurs without any known cause and accounts for the majority of cases; hereditary CJD, which is linked to genetic mutations and can run in families; and acquired CJD, which can result from exposure to infected brain tissue, such as through certain medical procedures or consumption of contaminated meat. The exact cause of CJD involves abnormal proteins known as prions that trigger normal brain proteins to misfold, leading to brain damage. This process results in a rapid decline in cognitive function and coordination. Unfortunately, there is currently no cure for CJD, and treatment mainly focuses on alleviating symptoms and providing supportive care. This may include medications to manage pain or anxiety, as well as assistance with daily activities to improve the quality of life for those affected.
Cleft lip and palate
Cleft lip and palate refer to a condition where a baby is born with an opening in their upper lip and/or the roof of their mouth.
Cluster headaches
Cluster headaches are intense episodes of pain that typically occur on one side of the head. These headaches are known for their excruciating nature and can be accompanied by other symptoms. It's important to recognise when to seek medical attention, as well as understanding the available treatment options.
Tailbone (coccyx) pain
Learn about pain in the tailbone (coccyx), including self-care tips for relief and guidance on when to seek medical assistance. Discover the symptoms, underlying causes, and available treatment options.
Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease is an autoimmune condition that impacts the digestive system, causing individuals to react negatively to gluten. This protein, found in wheat, barley, and rye, triggers an immune response that damages the lining of the small intestine in those affected.
Cold sores
Cold sores are small, fluid-filled blisters that typically appear around the lips and mouth, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). The initial symptoms often include a tingling or burning sensation before the blisters develop. After a few days, these blisters can burst, ooze, and then form a crust as they heal. It's important to seek medical advice if you experience severe symptoms, such as frequent outbreaks, sores that do not heal, or if you have a weakened immune system. Additionally, if you develop a high fever or have difficulty swallowing, you should contact a healthcare professional. Treatment for cold sores usually involves antiviral medications, which can help speed up healing and reduce the severity of symptoms. Over-the-counter creams and ointments may also provide some relief. Keeping the affected area clean and avoiding touching the sores can help prevent the spread of the virus and promote healing.
Colic
Colic is a common condition in infants, typically characterised by excessive crying and fussiness, often occurring in the late afternoon or evening. Symptoms may include prolonged periods of crying that last for more than three hours a day, occurring at least three days a week, and lasting for three weeks or longer. To help soothe a colicky baby, you can try various strategies such as holding them close, using gentle rocking motions, or swaddling them snugly in a blanket. Some parents find that using white noise or a calming bath can also be effective. Feeding your baby in a calm environment and ensuring they are not overly hungry or gassy can make a difference too. If your baby's crying seems excessive and you are concerned, or if they show signs of discomfort that do not improve with soothing techniques, it’s advisable to seek medical advice. A healthcare professional can help rule out any underlying issues and provide guidance tailored to your baby's needs.
Colour vision deficiency (colour blindness)
Learn about colour vision deficiency, commonly known as colour blindness. Understand the symptoms associated with this condition, where to seek assistance, the various tests available, the underlying causes, and potential treatments.
Common cold
The common cold is a viral infection that primarily affects the upper respiratory system. Symptoms typically include a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, sneezing, headaches, and sometimes a mild fever. Colds are usually caused by rhinoviruses and can be easily transmitted from person to person, often through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face. Treatment for a cold mainly focuses on relieving symptoms, as there is no cure for the virus itself. Over-the-counter remedies like decongestants, antihistamines, and pain relievers can help alleviate discomfort. It's important to stay hydrated and get plenty of rest to support your immune system. To reduce the risk of catching a cold, practice good hygiene by washing your hands regularly, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and refraining from touching your face. Keeping your living space clean and well-ventilated can also help prevent the spread of cold viruses.
Compartment syndrome
Compartment syndrome is a serious condition that occurs when pressure builds up within a muscle compartment, which can restrict blood flow and damage muscles and nerves. This often happens after an injury, such as a fracture or severe bruising, but it can also be caused by prolonged pressure or extensive exercise. The symptoms typically include severe pain that doesn't improve with rest or pain relief, a feeling of tightness or swelling in the affected area, numbness or tingling, and weakness in the muscles. In some cases, the skin may appear pale or shiny. Diagnosis usually involves a physical examination and assessing the symptoms. In some instances, doctors may measure the pressure within the compartment using a special device. Treatment often requires surgical intervention, specifically a procedure known as fasciotomy, which involves cutting open the fascia to relieve the pressure. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term damage.
Complex regional pain syndrome
Learn about complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a condition that is not fully understood and causes individuals to suffer from ongoing, intense, and debilitating pain.
Head injury and concussion
Learn about head injuries and concussions, including the signs and symptoms to be aware of, when it’s important to seek medical attention, and how to manage a minor head injury at home.
Chronic myeloid leukaemia
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Common symptoms of CML may include fatigue, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, fever, and an enlarged spleen or liver. If you suspect you might have CML, it's important to consult your GP as soon as possible. They may refer you for blood tests and further investigations to confirm a diagnosis. Treatment for CML typically involves targeted therapies known as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which help to control the disease. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be considered. Regular monitoring and follow-ups with your healthcare team are essential to manage the condition effectively. For support, various organisations provide resources and assistance for those affected by CML. Consider reaching out to cancer support groups, online forums, or local charities that can offer guidance and connect you with others facing similar challenges.
Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infection
Learn about Clostridioides difficile, commonly referred to as C. difficile or C. diff. This bacterium can lead to a range of symptoms, primarily affecting the digestive system. Key symptoms include severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever, and nausea. Certain groups of people are at a higher risk of infection, particularly those who have recently taken antibiotics, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Treatment typically involves antibiotics specifically designed to combat C. difficile, and in more severe cases, additional interventions may be necessary to manage complications.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a condition in which the hip joint, consisting of the ball and socket, does not develop correctly in infants and young children.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, occurs when your eyes become red and uncomfortable. Learn about the various causes of conjunctivitis, ways to prevent it, and effective treatment options.
Constipation
Constipation is a frequent issue that can impact individuals of any age. In most cases, it can be managed at home by making straightforward adjustments to your diet and daily habits.
Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis is a form of eczema that leads to skin inflammation after exposure to specific substances.
Corns and calluses
Corns and calluses are thickened areas of skin that develop due to repeated friction or pressure, often on the feet or hands. Symptoms typically include a hard, raised bump on the skin, which can be painful or tender when pressure is applied. The main causes of corns and calluses include ill-fitting shoes, abnormal foot mechanics, and activities that put excessive pressure on specific areas of the skin. They can also form as a protective response to repeated rubbing or irritation. Treatment options for corns and calluses involve relieving the pressure on the affected area. This can be achieved by wearing properly fitting footwear and using protective pads. Soaking the feet and gently exfoliating the thickened skin can also help. In some cases, over-the-counter treatments containing salicylic acid may be effective. If symptoms persist or worsen, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and tailored treatment options.
Coronary heart disease
Learn about coronary heart disease (CHD), which includes its primary symptoms, causes, treatments, and ways to prevent it. CHD is a leading cause of mortality both in the UK and around the globe.
COVID-19
Visit the NHS website to find guidance on COVID-19, which covers its symptoms, how to care for yourself at home, measures to prevent infection and transmission, available treatments, vaccination details, and potential long-term effects of the virus.
Corticobasal degeneration
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare disorder characterized by the gradual damage of brain cells, leading to the atrophy of specific areas of the brain.
Costochondritis
Costochondritis is a condition that involves inflammation of the cartilage connecting the ribs to the breastbone (sternum). The primary symptom is chest pain, which can vary in intensity and may worsen with certain movements, deep breaths, or physical activity. It’s not uncommon for the pain to be mistaken for heart-related issues, so it's important to seek medical advice if you experience significant or persistent chest pain. If you suspect you have costochondritis, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis. They may perform a physical examination and ask about your medical history to rule out other potential causes of your symptoms. Treatment for costochondritis typically focuses on relieving pain and inflammation. Over-the-counter painkillers, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol, are often recommended. Applying heat or ice to the affected area can also provide relief. In some cases, your doctor might suggest physical therapy or corticosteroid injections if symptoms are severe or do not improve with standard treatments. The exact cause of costochondritis is not always clear, but it can arise from various factors, including repetitive trauma to the chest area, heavy lifting, or even viral infections. Understanding these aspects can help you manage the condition effectively.
Cradle cap
Cradle cap, also known as seborrheic dermatitis, is a common skin condition that affects babies, usually appearing on the scalp. It often manifests as yellowish, greasy patches covered with scales. Although it can look concerning, cradle cap is generally harmless and not itchy or uncomfortable for the baby. Symptoms of cradle cap typically include flaky, crusty patches on the scalp, which may vary in colour from yellow to brown. In some cases, the condition can extend beyond the scalp to other areas, such as the face, ears, and neck. To help manage cradle cap, there are several steps you can take. Regularly washing your baby's scalp with a mild baby shampoo can help keep it clean and may reduce the build-up of scales. Gently brushing the scalp with a soft brush can also assist in loosening the flakes. If the condition persists or worsens, you might consider using a medicated shampoo specifically designed for cradle cap, but it's best to consult with a healthcare professional before trying new products. In most instances, cradle cap resolves itself within a few months, and with proper care, you can support your baby's skin health.
Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis is an uncommon condition that affects infants, where the bones in a baby's skull fuse too early. This premature fusion can lead to an atypical head shape as the skull is unable to expand normally as the brain grows.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic condition that impacts the digestive system, particularly the intestines. It can lead to a variety of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fatigue, and weight loss. The exact cause of Crohn's disease remains unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Treatment for Crohn's disease typically focuses on managing symptoms and preventing flare-ups. This may include medications like anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, and antibiotics. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged sections of the intestine. Living with Crohn's disease can be challenging, as it may affect daily activities, work, and relationships. It's important for individuals with the condition to work closely with healthcare professionals to develop a management plan that suits their needs and to seek support from others who understand their experiences.
Croup
Croup is a common respiratory condition that primarily affects young children, typically between six months and three years of age. It is characterised by a distinctive barking cough, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing due to swelling in the upper airways. Other symptoms may include a runny nose, fever, and a sense of tightness in the chest. If your child shows signs of croup, there are several steps you can take at home to help ease their discomfort. Keeping them calm is important, as distress can worsen breathing difficulties. You can also try to soothe their throat with warm fluids or honey (for children over one year old). Using a cool-mist humidifier in their room can help alleviate symptoms as well. It's essential to monitor your child's condition closely. Seek medical attention if they exhibit severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, a high fever, or if the barking cough persists or worsens. If your child appears unusually lethargic or has a bluish tint around their lips or face, get medical help immediately.
Clubfoot
Find NHS information on clubfoot, a condition where a baby is born with one or both feet twisted and positioned abnormally.
Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is a condition that arises when the body has excessive levels of the hormone cortisol. This can occur due to various factors, including tumours in the pituitary or adrenal glands, or as a side effect of certain medications, particularly corticosteroids. Common symptoms of Cushing's syndrome include rapid weight gain, particularly around the abdomen and face, thinning skin that bruises easily, muscle weakness, and high blood pressure. Individuals may also experience mood changes, such as anxiety or depression, and increased hair growth in unusual areas. If you notice these symptoms, it's important to seek medical advice, especially if they persist or worsen over time. A healthcare professional can perform tests to diagnose the condition and determine its cause. Treatment options for Cushing's syndrome depend on the underlying cause. They may include surgical removal of tumours, medication to control cortisol production, or radiation therapy. Without appropriate treatment, Cushing's syndrome can lead to serious complications, such as diabetes, heart disease, and increased risk of infections, so early intervention is crucial.
Cuts and grazes
Discover how to care for a cut or graze at home and learn when it’s important to seek medical assistance.
Cyclical vomiting syndrome
Cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of severe vomiting that can last for hours or even days. The symptoms typically include intense nausea, vomiting multiple times an hour, abdominal pain, and sometimes other symptoms like headaches or dizziness. The exact cause of CVS is not fully understood, but it may be linked to genetic factors, migraines, or stress. Certain triggers, such as specific foods, infections, or emotional stress, can provoke episodes in some individuals. Diagnosis of CVS often involves ruling out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms. This may include medical history reviews, physical examinations, and various tests to exclude other gastrointestinal or metabolic disorders. Treatment for CVS focuses on managing symptoms and preventing future episodes. This can include medications to control nausea and vomiting, lifestyle changes, and identifying and avoiding triggers. Support from healthcare professionals, including dietitians and mental health specialists, can also be beneficial for those affected by the condition.
Cyclospora
Cyclospora is a type of parasite that can cause an intestinal infection known as cyclosporiasis. This infection is typically contracted by consuming food or water contaminated with the parasite's spores. It is often associated with fresh produce, such as berries, salad greens, and herbs, especially if they have been contaminated during growing or harvesting. Cyclospora is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, but cases have been reported in various parts of the world, including the UK, particularly when food is imported from affected areas. Symptoms of cyclosporiasis usually appear about one week after infection and can include watery diarrhoea, stomach cramps, nausea, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Some people may also experience weight loss and bloating. The symptoms can persist for several weeks if not treated, making it important to seek medical advice if you suspect you have been infected.
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition that primarily affects the lungs and digestive system. Symptoms often include a persistent cough, frequent lung infections, difficulty breathing, and poor growth or weight gain despite a good appetite. If you suspect that you or someone you know may have cystic fibrosis, it’s important to see a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis. Diagnosis typically involves a sweat test to measure the amount of salt in your sweat, as well as genetic testing. While there is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis, treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include medications to help thin mucus and improve lung function, as well as nutritional support to ensure proper digestion and absorption of nutrients. Support for individuals with cystic fibrosis and their families can be found through various organisations and support groups, which offer resources, advice, and a community for those affected by the condition.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Urinary tract infections (UTIs), including conditions like cystitis, are common infections that can affect the bladder and other parts of the urinary system. Symptoms often include a frequent urge to urinate, a burning sensation when passing urine, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and lower abdominal discomfort. If you experience these symptoms, especially if they are severe or persist for more than a couple of days, it is important to seek medical advice. Your healthcare provider can help determine the best course of action, which may include a urine test to confirm the infection and prescribe antibiotics if necessary. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics to clear the infection. It's also essential to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water, which can help flush out the bacteria. A chronic UTI is defined as a recurrent infection that occurs frequently, often leading to ongoing discomfort. If you find yourself experiencing multiple UTIs within a short period, it’s advisable to discuss this with your doctor, as they can explore underlying causes and recommend appropriate management strategies.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Discover more about cytomegalovirus (CMV), a widespread virus that is typically harmless but can lead to complications for newborns.
Dandruff
Discover the reasons behind dandruff, ways to eliminate it, and when to seek professional medical advice.
Deafblindness
Deafblindness is a condition where an individual experiences both visual and hearing impairments, which can significantly impact their daily life.
Dementia
Explore our comprehensive guide on dementia, which discusses potential causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It also offers helpful advice for family and friends on how to support loved ones living with dementia.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when your body loses more fluids than it receives. Discover the signs of dehydration, ways to prevent it, and when it's important to seek medical assistance.
Hearing loss
Learn about the typical symptoms and reasons for hearing loss, when it’s important to seek medical advice, and the various treatment options available for hearing loss.
Frontotemporal dementia
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a type of dementia that primarily affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, which are responsible for personality, behaviour, and language. This condition often leads to noticeable changes in a person's behaviour and social skills, and it may also impact their ability to communicate effectively. Symptoms of frontotemporal dementia can vary widely but typically include significant changes in personality, such as apathy, impulsivity, and a lack of empathy. Individuals may also experience difficulties with language, including trouble finding words, forming sentences, or understanding speech. Other signs may include obsessive or repetitive behaviours and a decline in social awareness. Currently, there is no cure for frontotemporal dementia, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and providing support. This may involve medications to help with behavioural issues and therapies to assist with communication challenges. Support from healthcare professionals, family, and support groups can also be invaluable in helping both patients and their caregivers cope with the condition. The outlook for individuals with frontotemporal dementia can vary greatly. The progression of the disease is generally more rapid than that of other types of dementia, with symptoms worsening over time. However, the rate of decline can differ from one person to another. Early diagnosis and intervention can help to improve the quality of life for both patients and their families.
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Dementia with Lewy bodies is a form of dementia characterised by the presence of abnormal protein deposits, known as Lewy bodies, in the brain. This condition often leads to a range of symptoms that can overlap with other types of dementia, making it important to understand its specific features. Common symptoms include fluctuations in cognitive abilities, which may cause a person to appear confused or disoriented at times. Individuals may also experience visual hallucinations, where they see things that aren't there, and they might have movement difficulties similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease, such as tremors or stiffness. Other symptoms can include sleep disturbances and changes in mood or behaviour. Treatment for dementia with Lewy bodies focuses on managing symptoms, as there is currently no cure for the condition. Medications may be prescribed to help with cognitive symptoms, movement issues, and mood changes. Care and support from healthcare professionals, as well as family and friends, play a vital role in improving the quality of life for those affected. The outlook for individuals with dementia with Lewy bodies varies. While the condition tends to progress over time, the rate of decline can differ significantly between individuals. Early diagnosis and tailored support can help manage symptoms effectively and enhance daily living for those affected.
Vascular dementia
Vascular dementia is a type of dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often due to strokes or other conditions that damage blood vessels. Symptoms can vary but typically include difficulties with reasoning, planning, and problem-solving, as well as memory issues. Individuals may also experience confusion, changes in mood, or difficulty with coordination. Treatment for vascular dementia focuses on managing the underlying causes, such as controlling high blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol levels. Medications may be prescribed to improve blood flow to the brain, and lifestyle changes, including a healthy diet and regular exercise, can also be beneficial. The outlook for someone with vascular dementia can vary widely depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. While it is progressive, early diagnosis and management can help maintain quality of life and slow down the progression of symptoms.
Detached retina (retinal detachment)
A detached retina occurs when the delicate layer at the back of the eye, known as the retina, separates from its underlying support. It's important to be aware of the symptoms, the potential causes, and the available treatment options for this condition.
Dental abscess
Learn more about dental abscesses, including the signs to look out for, when you should seek medical attention, the treatment options available, and ways to prevent them.
Developmental co-ordination disorder (dyspraxia) in children
Learn about developmental coordination disorder (DCD), commonly referred to as dyspraxia, which is a condition that impacts physical coordination.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how your body processes glucose, a type of sugar that serves as a primary energy source. There are several types of diabetes, with the most common being Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production. This type usually develops in children or young adults but can occur at any age. Type 2 diabetes is the more prevalent form and typically arises when the body becomes resistant to insulin or when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. It is often linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet. This type usually develops in adults, but it is increasingly seen in younger populations. Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy when the body cannot produce enough insulin to meet the extra demands, affecting how the body processes glucose. It usually resolves after giving birth but can increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later on. Common symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing wounds. Some people may also experience unexplained weight loss. Treatment options vary depending on the type of diabetes. For Type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy is essential, often requiring daily injections or the use of an insulin pump. Type 2 diabetes management may include lifestyle changes, such as a healthier diet and increased physical activity, along with oral medications or insulin when necessary. Gestational diabetes can often be managed through diet and exercise, but some women may require insulin. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is crucial for all types of diabetes to maintain good control and prevent complications. It's important to work closely with healthcare professionals to tailor a management plan that suits individual needs.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a long-term condition that affects how your body processes glucose, a type of sugar. It often develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough of it. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing wounds. Managing type 2 diabetes involves lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and achieving a healthy weight. In some cases, medication may also be necessary to help control blood sugar levels. Living with type 2 diabetes requires ongoing monitoring of blood sugar levels and regular check-ups with healthcare professionals. To improve your condition, focus on eating a diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins, while reducing your intake of refined sugars and saturated fats. Staying active, managing stress, and getting enough sleep are also crucial for overall health.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is a condition where the body is unable to produce insulin, a hormone essential for converting sugar, starches, and other food into energy. This typically occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Common symptoms of type 1 diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, and weight loss. People may also experience blurred vision and slow-healing wounds. If left untreated, it can lead to more severe health issues. Treatment for type 1 diabetes primarily involves the administration of insulin, which can be delivered through injections or an insulin pump. Alongside insulin therapy, monitoring blood sugar levels regularly is crucial. A balanced diet and regular physical activity also play important roles in managing the condition. Living with type 1 diabetes requires ongoing management and vigilance. Individuals need to be aware of how their diet, exercise, and stress levels can affect their blood sugar. Education about the condition is vital for both patients and their families to help them cope effectively. There are potential complications associated with type 1 diabetes, which may arise if blood sugar levels are not well controlled. These can include cardiovascular issues, nerve damage, kidney problems, and eye damage. Regular check-ups and a proactive approach to health can help mitigate these risks.
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is an uncommon disorder characterised by the production of excessive urine and a frequent sensation of thirst.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, typically around the 24th week. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to handle the extra glucose that is present due to hormonal changes. If not managed properly, gestational diabetes can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby, including a higher risk of preeclampsia, excessive birth weight, and an increased likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes later in life for both. Diagnosis usually involves a glucose tolerance test, where a blood sample is taken after fasting and then again after consuming a sugary drink. If the blood sugar levels are higher than normal, it indicates gestational diabetes. Treatment mainly focuses on dietary changes, regular physical activity, and monitoring blood sugar levels. In some cases, insulin injections may be necessary to help control blood sugar levels. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to ensure the health and well-being of both mother and baby throughout the pregnancy.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition that can occur in individuals with diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes. It arises when the body starts breaking down fat for energy due to a lack of insulin, leading to a build-up of acids called ketones in the blood. Common symptoms of DKA include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness or fatigue, and a fruity-smelling breath. If you experience these signs, it's crucial to seek medical assistance immediately, as DKA can escalate rapidly and become life-threatening. Preventing DKA involves careful management of diabetes. This includes regularly monitoring blood sugar levels, adhering to your insulin regimen, staying hydrated, and being mindful of any illness or stress that may affect your blood glucose. It's also important to know the signs of high blood sugar and how to respond effectively.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is an eye condition that arises as a complication of diabetes. It affects the blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Early on, you might not notice any symptoms, but as the condition progresses, you may experience blurred vision, dark spots, or even difficulty seeing colours. In severe cases, it can lead to vision loss. Preventing diabetic retinopathy primarily involves managing your diabetes effectively. This includes maintaining stable blood sugar levels, monitoring your blood pressure and cholesterol, and leading a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a balanced diet. It's also crucial to attend regular eye check-ups, as early detection can make a significant difference. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition. For mild cases, monitoring may be all that's needed. However, if the retinopathy is more advanced, treatments may include laser therapy to seal leaking blood vessels, injections of medication into the eye to reduce swelling, or surgery to remove any blood that has leaked into the eye. Regular consultations with your healthcare provider are essential to determine the best course of action.
Differences in sex development
Learn about differences in sex development (DSDs), a collection of uncommon conditions where the reproductive organs and genitals do not develop as anticipated. Some individuals choose to identify with the term intersex.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a serious and contagious bacterial infection that primarily impacts the nose and throat, and can occasionally affect the skin. In England, it is quite uncommon.
Discoid eczema
Discoid eczema, also known as nummular or discoid dermatitis, is a persistent skin condition that leads to the skin becoming itchy, red, dry, and cracked.
Dislocated shoulder
Learn how to identify the signs of a dislocated shoulder, where to seek medical assistance, and the expected recovery time.
Diverticular disease and diverticulitis
Diverticular disease and diverticulitis are common health issues that impact the large intestine, also known as the bowel.
What is Down's syndrome? - Down's syndrome
Down's syndrome occurs when an individual is born with an additional chromosome.
Dengue
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. It is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Common symptoms include high fever, severe headaches, pain behind the eyes, joint and muscle pain, rash, and mild bleeding. If you experience these symptoms, especially after being in an area where dengue is prevalent, it's important to seek medical assistance. To reduce your risk of dengue, you can take preventive measures such as using mosquito repellent, wearing long sleeves and trousers, and ensuring your living environment is free from standing water where mosquitoes breed.
DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
Discover more about DVT (deep vein thrombosis), which is a condition where a blood clot forms in a vein, most commonly in the leg.
Dupuytren's contracture
Learn about Dupuytren's contracture, also known as Dupuytren's disease. This condition impacts the hands and fingers, leading to one or more fingers bending towards the palm.
Congenital heart disease
Congenital heart disease refers to a range of heart defects that are present at birth. The NHS has established screening processes to detect these conditions early. Newborns typically undergo a physical examination shortly after birth, and some may have additional tests, such as pulse oximetry, to check for heart-related issues. Symptoms of congenital heart disease can vary widely, but common signs include rapid breathing, fatigue during feeding, and a bluish tint to the skin, especially around the lips and fingertips. Some children may also experience poor growth or frequent respiratory infections. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the heart defect. In some cases, medication may be sufficient to manage symptoms, while others may require surgical intervention to repair the heart or improve its function. Ongoing monitoring and care from a healthcare team are crucial for children with congenital heart disease to ensure their overall health and development.
Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)
Dysarthria is a condition that affects your ability to speak due to weakness in the muscles responsible for speech. This can make it challenging to articulate words clearly.
Restricted growth (dwarfism)
Learn about restricted growth, commonly known as dwarfism or short stature. Discover the symptoms associated with this condition, the underlying causes, and the treatment options that are available.
Dysentery
Dysentery is an intestinal infection that causes inflammation of the intestines, leading to severe diarrhoea, often accompanied by blood or mucus. Common symptoms include frequent loose or watery stools, abdominal pain, fever, and nausea. If you experience these symptoms, particularly if they persist for more than a couple of days or are severe, it’s important to consult your GP. Treatment for dysentery typically involves staying hydrated, as the illness can lead to dehydration. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if the infection is caused by bacteria. It's crucial to follow their advice and complete the full course of any prescribed medication. To lower your risk of contracting dysentery, practise good hygiene by washing your hands regularly, especially after using the toilet and before eating. Drinking clean, treated water and avoiding food from questionable sources can also help prevent infection. If you have dysentery, to avoid spreading it to others, make sure to wash your hands thoroughly after using the toilet and avoid preparing food for others until you have fully recovered.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a prevalent learning difficulty that can lead to challenges in reading, writing, and spelling.
Dyspraxia (developmental co-ordination disorder) in adults
Learn more about dyspraxia, a prevalent condition that impacts movement and coordination. Discover the symptoms, underlying causes, and available treatments for dyspraxia, as well as guidance on when to seek medical assistance.
Dystonia
Dystonia refers to involuntary and often painful muscle contractions or spasms. Learn about the key symptoms, various types, and available treatment options.
Ear infections
Ear infections are quite prevalent, especially among children. You can learn how to alleviate the symptoms on your own and understand when it’s necessary to seek medical assistance.
DiGeorge syndrome (22q11 deletion)
DiGeorge syndrome, also known as 22q11 deletion syndrome, occurs when a small part of chromosome 22 is missing. This genetic alteration can happen randomly during the formation of reproductive cells or early in fetal development, and it is not inherited from parents in most cases. The condition can lead to a variety of health issues. Individuals with DiGeorge syndrome may experience heart defects, immune system problems, cleft palate, and issues with calcium levels, which can result in seizures. Additionally, they may face developmental delays, learning difficulties, and psychiatric disorders later in life. The range and severity of these problems can vary significantly among affected individuals, making early diagnosis and intervention crucial for better management and support.
Perforated eardrum
A perforated eardrum, also known as a tympanic membrane perforation, occurs when there is a hole or tear in the eardrum. This can lead to various symptoms, including ear pain, hearing loss, fluid drainage from the ear, and sometimes ringing in the ears (tinnitus). If you experience severe ear pain, significant hearing loss, or if fluid is leaking from your ear, it's important to seek medical attention promptly. Additionally, if you notice any signs of infection, such as fever or increased swelling, you should contact a healthcare professional. Treatment for a perforated eardrum varies depending on the severity of the tear and its cause. In many cases, small perforations can heal on their own within a few weeks. However, if the tear is larger or does not heal properly, a doctor may recommend treatments such as antibiotics to prevent infection or a surgical procedure called tympanoplasty to repair the eardrum. Common causes of a perforated eardrum include middle ear infections, sudden changes in air pressure (such as during flying or scuba diving), loud noises, or trauma to the ear. It's important to protect your ears and seek advice if you suspect you have a perforated eardrum.
Early or delayed puberty
Discover the indicators of early or delayed puberty, the potential causes behind these conditions, and the available treatment options.
Early or premature menopause
Early or premature menopause occurs when a woman stops having her periods before she turns 45. This can happen naturally or as a result of medical interventions, such as surgery or chemotherapy. Symptoms may include hot flushes, night sweats, mood changes, and difficulty sleeping. If you suspect you are experiencing early menopause, it's important to consult a healthcare professional. They can provide a diagnosis through blood tests that check hormone levels. Treatment options are available to manage symptoms and reduce health risks associated with early menopause. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a common treatment that can help alleviate symptoms and protect against bone loss and heart disease. Other options may include lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, as well as alternative therapies. It's essential to discuss the most suitable treatment plan with your doctor, taking into account your individual circumstances and health history.
Earwax build-up
Discover the issues that can arise from an accumulation of earwax, the reasons behind its build-up, and the available solutions to address it.
Ectopic pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised egg attaches itself outside the uterus, most commonly in one of the fallopian tubes.
Ebola virus disease
Learn more about Ebola virus disease, a severe illness typically found in specific regions of Africa.
Ectropion
Ectropion occurs when the lower eyelid droops away from the eye and turns outward. Discover the underlying causes of ectropion and the available treatment options.
Varicose eczema
Varicose eczema is a persistent skin condition that typically occurs on the lower legs and is often seen in individuals who have varicose veins.
Edwards' syndrome (trisomy 18)
Edwards' syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is a genetic condition that arises when there is an extra copy of chromosome 18 in a person's cells. This additional chromosome disrupts normal development, leading to a range of serious health issues. Symptoms of Edwards' syndrome can vary but often include severe developmental delays, low birth weight, and distinctive physical features such as a small head, a prominent back of the head, and clenched fists. Other common signs may include heart defects, kidney problems, and feeding difficulties. There are typically two types of trisomy 18: full trisomy 18, where all cells have the extra chromosome, and mosaic trisomy 18, where only some cells have the additional chromosome. The mosaic form tends to be less severe than the full form. Diagnosis of Edwards' syndrome usually involves prenatal screening tests, such as blood tests and ultrasound scans, which may indicate a higher risk. If there are concerns, further diagnostic procedures like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can confirm the presence of the extra chromosome. The exact cause of trisomy 18 is not fully understood. However, it is generally believed to occur due to random errors during cell division, leading to the formation of an egg or sperm with an abnormal number of chromosomes. Advanced maternal age is also a known risk factor for having a baby with this condition.
Ehlers-Danlos syndromes
Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) comprise a collection of uncommon genetic disorders that impact connective tissue. Learn more about the symptoms, underlying causes, and available treatments.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious condition characterised by inflammation of the brain.
Ejaculation problems
Ejaculation issues, including premature, delayed, and retrograde ejaculation, are a frequent source of sexual difficulties for men.
Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an uncommon yet serious infection affecting the inner lining of the heart. Learn about the symptoms, the individuals who may be at greater risk, and the available treatment options.
Womb (uterus) cancer
Learn about womb cancer, including its symptoms, steps to take if you suspect you might have it, treatment options available, and where to find support.
Endometriosis
Learn about endometriosis, including its symptoms, the tests you may require, and the treatments available to help manage the condition.
Epidermolysis bullosa
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) refers to a collection of uncommon genetic skin conditions that lead to increased skin fragility.
Epididymitis
Epididymitis is a condition where the epididymis, the coiled tube located at the back of each testicle that is responsible for storing and transporting sperm, becomes inflamed and painful.
Epiglottitis
Epiglottitis is a condition in which the epiglottis, the small flap of tissue that covers the windpipe during swallowing, becomes inflamed and swollen. This swelling can obstruct the windpipe, leading to breathing difficulties.
Erectile dysfunction (impotence)
Erectile dysfunction (ED) refers to the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. This condition can affect men of all ages, but it is more prevalent in older individuals. There are several common causes of erectile dysfunction, which can be broadly classified into physical and psychological factors. Physical causes may include conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and obesity, as well as lifestyle choices like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Psychological factors can involve stress, anxiety, depression, or relationship issues. Fortunately, there are various treatment options available for erectile dysfunction. These include lifestyle changes, such as improving diet and increasing physical activity, as well as medications that can enhance blood flow to the penis. In some cases, therapy may be beneficial, particularly if psychological factors are involved. For more severe cases, other treatments like vacuum pumps, penile injections, or surgery may be considered. It's important for individuals experiencing ED to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and personalised treatment plan.
Epilepsy
Learn about epilepsy, a condition characterised by seizures, including its symptoms, available treatments, and the impact it can have on daily life.
Erythema multiforme
Erythema multiforme is a condition that causes red patches or spots on the skin, often resembling target shapes. These lesions may appear on various parts of the body, including the arms, legs, and face. Common symptoms include itching, burning, or tenderness in the affected areas, and in more severe cases, blistering may occur. It’s important to seek medical attention if you notice symptoms, especially if they develop quickly or are accompanied by other signs like fever, sore throat, or difficulty swallowing. This could indicate a more serious condition that requires prompt treatment. Treatment for erythema multiforme typically focuses on managing symptoms and addressing any underlying causes. In mild cases, over-the-counter antihistamines or topical corticosteroids may help relieve discomfort. If the condition is more severe or recurrent, your doctor might prescribe stronger medications, such as oral corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, to help reduce inflammation. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalised advice and treatment options.
Erythrocytosis
Erythrocytosis, also known as polycythaemia, refers to a condition characterised by an elevated level of red blood cells in the bloodstream. It's important to understand the symptoms associated with this blood disorder and the available treatment options.
Erythema nodosum
Erythema nodosum is a condition characterised by painful, red lumps that typically appear on the shins. These lumps are a type of inflammatory reaction and can be a response to various underlying factors. Symptoms usually include tender, raised nodules that may feel warm to the touch, often accompanied by fever and general discomfort. The causes of erythema nodosum can vary widely, including infections, certain medications, and underlying health issues such as autoimmune diseases or inflammatory bowel disease. It can also occur after certain infections, such as streptococcal throat infections. It's important to seek medical advice if you develop painful lumps on your legs or experience other symptoms like fever or fatigue. A healthcare professional can help determine the cause and decide on the appropriate treatment. Treatment primarily focuses on addressing the underlying cause, if identified, and managing symptoms. This may involve the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to relieve pain and inflammation. In some cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed for more severe symptoms.
Excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia)
Excessive daytime sleepiness, also known as hypersomnia, is a condition that leads to persistent drowsiness throughout the day, regardless of whether you’ve had a restful night’s sleep.
Erythromelalgia
Erythromelalgia is a rare condition characterised by episodes of intense burning pain and redness, primarily affecting the hands and feet. In some cases, it can also involve the arms, legs, ears, and face.
Dislocated kneecap
Discover how to identify a dislocated kneecap, where to seek medical assistance, the available treatment options, and the expected recovery time.
Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)
Excessive sweating, known as hyperhidrosis, can have various underlying causes and treatment options. It often occurs when the sweat glands become overactive, leading to perspiration that goes beyond what is necessary for regulating body temperature. Potential causes of hyperhidrosis include genetic factors, hormonal changes, certain medications, and medical conditions such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, or infections. In some cases, the cause may be unknown, which is referred to as primary hyperhidrosis. When it comes to treatment, several options are available. Lifestyle changes, such as wearing breathable clothing and using antiperspirants, can help manage symptoms. For more severe cases, healthcare professionals may recommend treatments like prescription antiperspirants, iontophoresis (a procedure that uses electrical currents to reduce sweating), or medications that block nerve signals responsible for sweating. In some instances, botulinum toxin injections can be used to temporarily block the nerves that trigger sweat production. For those who do not respond to other treatments, surgical options may be considered to remove sweat glands or interrupt nerve signals. If you're experiencing excessive sweating that affects your daily life, it's advisable to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plan.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is an uncommon form of eye cancer that primarily impacts young children.
Eye cancer
Eye cancer, though rare, can occur in various forms, including melanoma and lymphoma. Symptoms may include blurred vision, dark spots on the iris, changes in the shape of the pupil, or unusual growths on the eye. Causes can vary, with risk factors including exposure to UV light, certain genetic conditions, and a history of skin cancer. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of cancer and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. The outlook for individuals with eye cancer can differ significantly based on the cancer's type, size, and how early it is detected. Regular eye examinations can help with early identification and improve outcomes.
Herpes simplex eye infections
Learn about herpes simplex eye infections, including their symptoms, when and where to seek medical assistance, and the available treatment options.
Eye injuries
If you experience an eye injury, it’s important to know the right steps to take and when to seek medical assistance. First, assess the injury. If there’s any pain, redness, swelling, or changes in vision, you should consult a healthcare professional. For minor injuries like a small scratch, rinse the eye gently with clean water or saline. Avoid rubbing the eye, as this can worsen the damage. If there is a foreign object in the eye, do not attempt to remove it yourself. Instead, cover the eye with a clean cloth and seek medical help. In cases of chemical exposure, rinse the eye immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and then seek urgent medical attention. For more serious injuries, such as a blow to the eye or signs of bleeding, it’s crucial to seek emergency care right away. Remember, when in doubt, it’s always best to get professional advice.
Febrile seizures
Learn about febrile seizures (also known as febrile convulsions or fits), which can occasionally occur in children when they have a high temperature (fever).
Falls
Learn about falls, including steps to take if you experience a fall, the support that is accessible, and ways to prevent falls from happening.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) refers to a variety of mental and physical challenges that a child may experience if their mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy.
Female genital mutilation (FGM)
Discover what female genital mutilation (FGM) entails, the reasons behind its practice, and the regions where it occurs. Learn about the associated health risks and where you can seek support and guidance.
Fibroids
Learn about the various types of fibroids and the reasons they form. Discover when it's important to consult a GP regarding fibroids and the treatment options available.
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia, often referred to as fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), is a long-lasting condition that leads to widespread pain throughout the body.
Flu
Flu, or influenza, is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system. Common symptoms of flu include a high fever, chills, muscle aches, fatigue, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and cough. Some individuals may also experience headaches and gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea or diarrhoea. For self-care, it’s important to rest and stay hydrated. Over-the-counter medications can help relieve symptoms like fever and aches. Be sure to use paracetamol or ibuprofen as directed on the packaging. Staying warm and drinking plenty of fluids can also aid recovery. You should seek medical assistance if you experience severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, confusion, or if your symptoms worsen or do not improve after a few days. Vulnerable groups, including elderly individuals, young children, and those with underlying health conditions, should consult a healthcare professional promptly if they suspect they have the flu.
Food allergy
Discover more about food allergies, including their symptoms, potential causes, and available treatment options.
Food intolerance
Food intolerance refers to difficulty digesting certain foods, leading to various symptoms. Common signs include bloating, stomach pain, gas, diarrhoea, and nausea, which can occur within a few hours or even days after consuming the problematic food. Unlike food allergies, food intolerances do not involve the immune system. Diagnosing food intolerance typically starts with a detailed discussion of your symptoms and eating habits with a healthcare professional. They may suggest keeping a food diary to track your meals and any related symptoms. In some cases, they might recommend specific tests, such as blood tests or elimination diets, to identify the offending food. Treatment for food intolerance primarily involves dietary management. This means avoiding the foods that trigger your symptoms. A dietitian can provide guidance on how to maintain a balanced diet while excluding certain foods. In some instances, over-the-counter medications may help alleviate symptoms, but it’s best to consult a healthcare provider before using them.
Food poisoning
Food poisoning is an illness caused by consuming contaminated food or drink. Symptoms typically include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach cramps, and sometimes fever. These symptoms can appear within hours or days after eating contaminated food. If you suspect you have food poisoning, it’s important to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or clear broths. You can also rest and avoid solid foods until you feel better. Gradually reintroducing bland foods like toast, rice, or bananas can help as you recover. However, you should seek medical attention if your symptoms are severe or persistent, if you experience signs of dehydration (such as dark urine or dizziness), or if you have a high fever. Vulnerable groups, including young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems, should also consult a doctor sooner. Food poisoning can be caused by various factors, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites found in improperly cooked or stored food. Common culprits include raw or undercooked meat, unwashed fruits and vegetables, and contaminated water. Practising good hygiene and food safety can help prevent these illnesses.
Foot drop
Foot drop is a condition that makes it hard to lift your foot and toes while walking. This can lead to difficulties in walking and an increased risk of tripping or falling.
Tight foreskin (phimosis)
Learn about tight foreskin, known as phimosis, including ways to alleviate the condition and when it’s important to seek medical assistance.
Frostbite
Frostbite is a condition that occurs when skin and underlying tissues freeze due to exposure to very cold temperatures. It most commonly affects extremities such as fingers, toes, ears, and the nose. Symptoms of frostbite can include numbness, a tingling sensation, and a pale or waxy appearance of the skin. In more severe cases, blisters may form, and the affected area can become hard or black. If you suspect frostbite, it's important to seek medical assistance, especially if the skin appears black or if there are severe symptoms like intense pain. Early intervention is crucial to prevent further damage. Treatment for frostbite typically involves gently rewarming the affected areas, often using warm (not hot) water. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to relieve pain or improve blood flow. Severe frostbite may require more extensive medical procedures, including surgery. Complications from frostbite can include permanent damage to the affected tissues, infection, and in extreme cases, amputation of the affected limbs or digits. To reduce the risk of frostbite, it’s advisable to dress warmly in layers, protect extremities with appropriate gloves and footwear, and limit time spent in extremely cold weather. Staying dry and avoiding alcohol can also help prevent frostbite.
Medically unexplained symptoms
Learn about medically unexplained symptoms, which are health issues that don’t have an obvious medical explanation. These symptoms can stem from various factors, including stress, anxiety, or previous illnesses. There’s often a close link between physical and mental well-being, as emotional distress can manifest as physical symptoms. Your GP can play a crucial role in this process by conducting thorough assessments, ruling out other conditions, and providing support or referrals to specialists if needed. Additionally, there are self-help strategies you can explore, such as relaxation techniques, exercise, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, which may help manage symptoms effectively.
Frozen shoulder
Frozen shoulder is a condition characterised by persistent pain and stiffness in the shoulder, which can last for several months or even years. Here, you can learn about the primary symptoms, available treatments, and potential causes of this condition.
Fungal nail infection
Fungal nail infections, also known as onychomycosis, occur when fungi invade the nails, leading to various symptoms and discomfort. Common signs of these infections include discolouration of the nail, which may appear yellow or white, thickening of the nail, and in some cases, the nail may crumble or become brittle. To manage mild cases at home, it’s advisable to keep the affected nails clean and dry, trim them regularly, and avoid tight-fitting shoes. Over-the-counter antifungal treatments can also be beneficial. However, it's important to seek medical advice if you experience persistent symptoms, if the infection spreads, or if you have underlying health conditions like diabetes which could complicate the situation. When you consult a healthcare professional, they may recommend prescription antifungal medications or treatments. In some cases, surgical intervention to remove the infected nail may be necessary. To prevent fungal nail infections, maintain good foot hygiene, ensure your feet are dry, and wear breathable footwear. Additionally, avoid walking barefoot in public areas and share nail care tools cautiously.
Gallstones
Gallstones are solid particles that form in the gallbladder, a small organ situated beneath the liver. These stones can vary in size and may be composed of cholesterol or bilirubin. If you experience symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, nausea, or jaundice, it's important to consult a healthcare professional. Treatment options for gallstones often depend on the severity of your symptoms. If you're asymptomatic, you may not require immediate treatment. However, if you're experiencing discomfort, your doctor might suggest lifestyle changes, medication to dissolve the stones, or surgical procedures like cholecystectomy, which involves removing the gallbladder. Gallstones can develop due to various factors, including obesity, a high-fat diet, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions. Complications can arise if a gallstone blocks the bile ducts, leading to infections or inflammation of the gallbladder, known as cholecystitis. It's essential to seek medical advice if you suspect you have gallstones to prevent potential complications.
Gallbladder cancer
Learn about gallbladder cancer, including its symptoms, when to seek medical advice, as well as the testing and diagnosis process. Discover treatment options and where to access help and support.
Ganglion cyst
Ganglion cysts are non-cancerous lumps that commonly develop on the joints or tendons, particularly in the wrists and hands. They can vary in size and may feel firm or soft to the touch. Symptoms often include a noticeable swelling, which can sometimes cause discomfort, especially if the cyst presses on nearby nerves. In some cases, they may not cause any pain at all. The exact cause of ganglion cysts remains unclear, but they are thought to arise from the joints or tendons, possibly due to irritation or overuse. Certain factors, such as repetitive movements or previous injuries, may increase the likelihood of developing these cysts. Treatment options for ganglion cysts can vary depending on the symptoms and the impact on daily life. Many cysts do not require any treatment and may resolve on their own over time. However, if the cyst is painful or interferes with movement, options include aspiration (draining the fluid), corticosteroid injections, or surgical removal in more persistent cases. It's always advisable to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.
Gangrene
Gangrene is a severe condition that occurs when there is a loss of blood flow, leading to the death of tissue. While it can impact any area of the body, it most commonly begins in the toes, feet, fingers, and hands.
Gastritis
Gastritis is an inflammation of the stomach lining, which can lead to various symptoms. Common signs include stomach pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and indigestion. Some individuals may also experience a loss of appetite or a feeling of fullness after eating small amounts. There are several reasons why gastritis can occur. It may be caused by factors such as excessive alcohol consumption, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), infections like Helicobacter pylori, or autoimmune disorders where the body's immune system attacks the stomach lining. Treatment for gastritis typically focuses on relieving symptoms and addressing the underlying cause. This may include dietary changes, medications to reduce stomach acid, and antibiotics if a bacterial infection is present. In some cases, avoiding irritants such as alcohol and certain medications can also help manage the condition. It's important to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and tailored treatment plan.
Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis is a condition that affects the stomach's ability to empty its contents properly. This delayed gastric emptying can lead to a range of uncomfortable symptoms. Common signs include nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal pain, and a feeling of fullness after eating only a small amount of food. Some people may also experience fluctuations in blood sugar levels due to the unpredictable digestion process. Diagnosis of gastroparesis typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examinations, and specific tests. One common test is the gastric emptying study, where a patient consumes a meal containing a small amount of radioactive material to track how quickly food moves through the stomach. Other diagnostic methods might include an upper endoscopy or imaging tests. The causes of gastroparesis can vary. It is often linked to diabetes, particularly when high blood sugar levels damage the nerves that control stomach muscles. Other potential causes include certain medications, surgeries involving the stomach, and conditions such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis. Treatment for gastroparesis aims to manage symptoms and improve gastric emptying. This can include dietary changes, such as eating smaller, more frequent meals and avoiding high-fat and high-fibre foods that can slow digestion. In some cases, medications that stimulate stomach contractions or help manage nausea may be prescribed. Severe instances might require more advanced treatments, such as gastric electrical stimulation or, in rare cases, surgery.
Genital herpes
Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which can be either type 1 or type 2. This condition leads to the formation of painful blisters on the genitals and nearby areas.
Genital warts
Genital warts are small lumps or growths that resemble cauliflower and can appear around the vagina, penis, or anus.
Rubella (german measles)
Rubella, commonly known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection that can have serious implications, especially for pregnant women. The symptoms typically appear two to three weeks after exposure and may include a distinctive red rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body, mild fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Other signs can include cold-like symptoms, such as a runny nose and sore throat. If you suspect you have rubella, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional for advice and management. They may recommend rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to alleviate discomfort. Most cases are mild, but it is crucial to avoid contact with pregnant women, as rubella can lead to severe complications for the unborn child. Catching rubella during pregnancy can result in serious health risks, including congenital rubella syndrome, which can cause birth defects such as heart problems, hearing impairments, and developmental delays. Therefore, vaccination before pregnancy is strongly advised to prevent the infection. If you are pregnant and think you may have been exposed to rubella, seek medical advice immediately.
Temporal arteritis
Learn about temporal arteritis, also known as giant cell arteritis, which is a condition characterised by inflammation of the arteries. This is a serious illness that requires prompt medical attention.
Giardiasis
Learn about giardiasis, an infection affecting the digestive system caused by small parasites known as Giardia intestinalis.
Gilbert's syndrome
Gilbert's syndrome is a hereditary condition characterised by an accumulation of bilirubin in the bloodstream, which can lead to jaundice.
Prosopagnosia (face blindness)
Discover more about prosopagnosia, a condition that makes it challenging to recognise faces. Learn about its symptoms, potential causes, and strategies to help manage daily life with this condition.
Flat feet
Flat feet, also known as fallen arches, occur when the arches of the feet are lower than usual or absent. This condition can arise due to various factors, including genetics, injury, or conditions like arthritis. For many individuals, flat feet are not serious and may not cause any discomfort or problems. However, in some cases, they can lead to issues such as pain in the feet, ankles, or knees, as well as difficulties with balance. Treatment for flat feet often depends on the severity of the symptoms. In mild cases, supportive footwear, arch supports, or orthotic devices can provide relief. For those experiencing more significant discomfort, physical therapy or specific exercises may help strengthen the muscles in the feet. In rare instances where flat feet cause severe pain or mobility issues, surgery may be considered to correct the problem. It's important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options.
Glandular fever
Glandular fever, often caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, is an infectious illness that commonly affects young adults and teenagers. Symptoms typically include extreme fatigue, a high temperature, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and sometimes a rash. For self-care, it's important to rest and stay hydrated. Over-the-counter pain relievers can help manage fever and throat discomfort. It's also advisable to avoid strenuous activities, as this can prolong recovery. To prevent the spread of glandular fever, avoid sharing drinks, utensils, or engaging in close contact with others while symptomatic. Good hygiene practices, such as frequent hand washing, can also help reduce transmission. You should seek medical advice if symptoms worsen, if you experience difficulty breathing, or if you have severe abdominal pain. It's also wise to consult a doctor if you have persistent symptoms lasting more than a few weeks.
Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis refers to the damage occurring to the small filters in your kidneys, known as the glomeruli.
Goitre
A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is situated at the front of your neck. Symptoms may include noticeable swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and a cough. If you suspect you have a goitre, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include medication to regulate thyroid hormone levels, iodine supplements, or in some cases, surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Goitres can be caused by various factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves’ disease, and certain medications.
Glue ear
Glue ear, also known as otitis media with effusion, is a condition where fluid accumulates in the middle ear without any signs of infection. This often leads to hearing difficulties, as the fluid can prevent sound from travelling effectively through the ear. The primary cause of glue ear is often related to Eustachian tube dysfunction, which can occur when the tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the throat becomes blocked or does not function properly. This can happen due to allergies, colds, or sinus infections. Children are particularly susceptible to this condition, as their Eustachian tubes are shorter and more horizontal, making them more prone to blockages. If you suspect glue ear, a visit to your GP is a good first step. They can assess your symptoms, examine your ears, and may use a special instrument to look for fluid in the middle ear. Depending on the situation, they might suggest a wait-and-see approach, especially if the symptoms are mild, as many cases resolve on their own. Treatment options for glue ear may include using nasal decongestants or antihistamines to help clear any blockages, or in some cases, inserting grommets (small tubes) into the eardrum to allow fluid to drain and to prevent further build-up. Your GP will discuss the best course of action tailored to your specific situation.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that can lead to damage of the optic nerve, often due to high pressure within the eye. It is important to be aware of the symptoms, types, causes, diagnostic methods, and available treatments and support for this condition. Symptoms of glaucoma can vary, but many people may not experience noticeable signs in the early stages. Common symptoms include gradual loss of peripheral vision, difficulty seeing in low light, and seeing halos around lights. In acute cases, individuals may experience sudden eye pain, headache, nausea, and blurred vision. There are several types of glaucoma. The most common is primary open-angle glaucoma, which develops slowly and without obvious symptoms initially. Angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the drainage angle of the eye becomes blocked, leading to a rapid increase in eye pressure. Other types include normal-tension glaucoma, where optic nerve damage occurs without high eye pressure, and congenital glaucoma, which is present at birth. The causes of glaucoma can vary. Increased eye pressure is a major risk factor, often resulting from an imbalance in the production and drainage of fluid within the eye. Other risk factors include age, family history of glaucoma, certain medical conditions such as diabetes, and prolonged use of corticosteroid medications. To diagnose glaucoma, an eye care professional will conduct a comprehensive eye examination, which may include measuring intraocular pressure, assessing the optic nerve, testing peripheral vision, and performing imaging tests to evaluate the optic nerve and retina. Treatment options for glaucoma aim to lower eye pressure and prevent further damage to the optic nerve. Common treatments include prescription eye drops, oral medications, laser therapy, and surgical procedures. Regular check-ups and monitoring are essential to manage the condition effectively. Support is also available for those living with glaucoma, including educational resources, support groups, and counselling services to help individuals cope with the emotional and practical aspects of the condition.
Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It commonly affects the genitals, rectum, and throat. Symptoms may vary; many people experience none at all, while others might notice painful urination, unusual discharge from the genitals, or discomfort in the lower abdomen. In some cases, it can also lead to complications if left untreated. To diagnose gonorrhoea, healthcare professionals typically conduct urine tests or swab samples from the affected area. If you suspect you have gonorrhoea or have been exposed to it, it’s important to seek medical advice promptly. Treatment usually involves a course of antibiotics, which can effectively clear the infection. However, due to increasing antibiotic resistance, it's essential to follow your healthcare provider's guidance and complete the full course of medication. Preventing gonorrhoea can be achieved through safe sex practices, including using condoms and having regular STI screenings, especially if you have multiple partners or engage in unprotected sex. Open communication with sexual partners about STIs is also crucial in reducing the risk of infection.
Gout
Discover more about gout, a form of arthritis, including its symptoms, causes, when to seek assistance, and available treatments.
Granuloma annulare
Granuloma annulare is a skin condition that typically presents as raised, reddish or skin-coloured bumps forming a ring pattern on the skin. It most commonly appears on the hands, feet, or around areas like the elbows and knees but can occur anywhere on the body. The exact cause of granuloma annulare is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to an immune response, possibly triggered by factors such as infections, injuries, or certain medications. Symptoms usually include small, firm lesions that may be slightly itchy but are generally painless. The rings can slowly expand over time, though they often resolve on their own without treatment within a few months to a couple of years. While many cases do not require medical intervention, treatments are available for those who find the condition bothersome. Options may include topical corticosteroids, which can help reduce inflammation, or other medications in more persistent cases. In some instances, therapies like cryotherapy or phototherapy may be suggested. If you suspect you have granuloma annulare or if the symptoms are causing concern, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and advice tailored to your situation.
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the nerves, leading to muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. Symptoms often begin with tingling sensations in the legs, which can progress to weakness and loss of reflexes. In some cases, it may affect breathing and require immediate medical attention. Treatment typically involves therapies such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis, both of which help reduce the immune response. Recovery time varies greatly among individuals; while some may start to improve within a few weeks, others can take several months or even years to fully recover. It is crucial to seek medical assistance if you experience sudden weakness, especially following a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection, as early diagnosis and treatment can significantly impact recovery outcomes.
Growing pains
Learn about growing pains, including their symptoms, treatment options, when to seek medical advice, and the underlying causes.
Gum disease
Discover more about gum disease, including its symptoms, treatment options, and prevention methods.
Gynaecomastia
Gynaecomastia is a condition characterised by the enlargement of breast tissue in males. Symptoms typically include swollen breast tissue, tenderness, and sometimes sensitivity in the area. If you notice any unusual changes in your breast size or experience pain, it’s advisable to seek medical advice. The causes of gynaecomastia can vary and may include hormonal imbalances, certain medications, or underlying health issues such as liver or kidney disease. In some cases, it may also occur during puberty or as a result of ageing. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. If the gynaecomastia is mild and not causing discomfort, it may not require any treatment. However, for more pronounced cases, options may include medication to address hormone levels or surgical procedures to remove excess breast tissue. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalised advice and treatment options.
Gender dysphoria
Gender dysphoria refers to the discomfort or distress a person experiences due to a discrepancy between their biological sex and their gender identity.
Haemochromatosis
Haemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that causes the body to accumulate excess iron gradually over time. This condition can lead to various health issues if not managed properly.
Haemophilia
Haemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects the blood's ability to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding. The symptoms of haemophilia often include prolonged bleeding after injuries or surgery, spontaneous bleeding into joints and muscles, and easy bruising. This condition is caused by a deficiency in specific clotting factors in the blood, which are proteins essential for the clotting process. The most common types are haemophilia A, which results from a lack of factor VIII, and haemophilia B, caused by a deficiency of factor IX. Both types are inherited, typically passed down from parents to their children. Treatment for haemophilia generally involves replacing the missing clotting factors through injections, which can help manage and prevent bleeding episodes. In some cases, additional treatments like medications to enhance clotting may also be used. It’s important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know experiences unusual bleeding, joint pain, or swelling, as these could be signs of a bleeding episode that requires immediate care. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are also essential for managing the condition effectively.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a type of bacteria that can lead to serious infections, particularly in young children. It is known to cause a variety of illnesses, including meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis, which is an inflammation of the throat that can obstruct breathing. Symptoms of Hib infections can vary depending on the type of illness but may include high fever, headache, stiff neck, difficulty breathing, and a sore throat. The bacteria are typically spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While Hib was once a common cause of severe illness in children, the introduction of the Hib vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of these infections. Vaccination is the best way to prevent Hib disease. The Hib vaccine is usually given to infants as part of their routine immunisations, typically at two, four, and twelve to fifteen months of age. This vaccine has proven to be highly effective in protecting against infections caused by Hib.
Piles (haemorrhoids)
Learn about piles, also known as haemorrhoids, which are swollen veins in the rectal area. Common symptoms include pain, itching, and bleeding during bowel movements. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes, such as increasing fibre intake and staying hydrated, to over-the-counter creams and, in some cases, medical procedures for more severe cases. Piles can develop due to various factors, including straining during bowel movements, pregnancy, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Understanding these aspects can help you manage and prevent this condition effectively.
Hamstring injury
Learn more about hamstring injuries, including their causes, symptoms, treatment options, and when to seek medical assistance.
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral infection that primarily affects young children, though it can occur in adults as well. The condition is characterised by sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. Symptoms typically include fever, sore throat, and a general feeling of being unwell, followed by painful mouth ulcers and a rash that may appear as red spots or blisters. Treatment for hand, foot and mouth disease mainly focuses on relieving symptoms, as the illness usually resolves on its own within a week or so. Over-the-counter pain relievers such as paracetamol can help ease discomfort, and staying hydrated is important. Soft foods and cool liquids may be easier to swallow if mouth sores are present. It’s advisable to seek medical attention if you notice severe symptoms, such as high fever, difficulty swallowing, signs of dehydration, or if the condition does not improve after a few days. Consulting a healthcare professional is also important if you are concerned about the severity of the symptoms or if the affected individual is very young, has a weakened immune system, or is experiencing unusual symptoms.
Hay fever
Learn about the signs and triggers of hay fever, who it impacts, and the treatment options that are available.
Head lice and nits
Learn how to identify head lice, effectively eliminate them, and understand how they are transmitted.
Tension headaches
Tension headaches are a common type of headache characterised by a dull, aching pain that often feels like a tight band around the head. They can cause mild to moderate discomfort and are typically not accompanied by nausea or sensitivity to light and sound, which distinguishes them from migraines. The exact cause of tension headaches is not fully understood, but they are often linked to stress, anxiety, poor posture, and muscle tension in the neck and shoulders. Other contributing factors may include lack of sleep, dehydration, and eye strain. Treatment options for tension headaches may include over-the-counter pain relief medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol. In addition, stress management techniques, relaxation exercises, and physical therapy can be beneficial. Some people find relief through regular exercise, adequate hydration, and maintaining good posture. To help prevent tension headaches, it's important to identify and manage stressors, ensure you get enough sleep, and take regular breaks during prolonged tasks. Good posture while sitting or working can also reduce the likelihood of developing tension headaches. You should seek medical advice if your headaches become more frequent, severe, or if they interfere with your daily life. Additionally, if you experience sudden, intense headaches or changes in vision, it is important to consult a healthcare professional promptly.
Heart attack
Learn about heart attacks, a critical medical emergency where the flow of blood to the heart is abruptly obstructed, commonly due to a blood clot.
Heart failure
Heart failure is a condition where the heart struggles to pump blood effectively, which can lead to a range of symptoms. Common signs include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and ankles, and a persistent cough or wheezing. These symptoms can vary in severity and may worsen during physical activity or when lying down. Treatment for heart failure typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes medical procedures. Patients are often advised to adopt a heart-healthy diet, engage in regular physical activity, and manage other health conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes. Medications may include diuretics to reduce fluid retention, ACE inhibitors to improve blood flow, and beta-blockers to help the heart beat more efficiently. In some cases, more advanced treatments like implantable devices or surgery may be necessary. Regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider are essential to monitor the condition and adjust treatments as needed.
Heart block
Heart block is a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are disrupted, affecting its ability to beat normally. Symptoms can vary but often include fatigue, dizziness, fainting, and in some cases, chest pain. There are several causes of heart block, including coronary artery disease, heart surgery, certain medications, and conditions that affect the heart muscle, such as myocarditis or cardiomyopathy. Heart block is classified into three main types: first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree (also known as complete heart block). First-degree heart block is the mildest form, where signals are delayed but still reach the heart's chambers. Second-degree heart block has two subtypes, with some signals failing to reach the heart, leading to skipped beats. Third-degree heart block is the most severe, where no signals reach the heart, causing it to beat independently and often too slowly. Diagnosis typically involves an electrocardiogram (ECG), which records the heart's electrical activity, along with other tests such as Holter monitoring or an exercise stress test to assess the heart's function over time. Treatment options depend on the severity and type of heart block. Mild cases may not require treatment, while more serious cases could necessitate the use of a pacemaker, a device that helps regulate the heart's rhythm. Support may also include lifestyle changes, medication management, and regular monitoring by a healthcare professional to manage symptoms and reduce risks.
Heart valve disease
Heart valve disease refers to a condition where one or more of the heart's valves do not function properly. This can lead to issues with blood flow through the heart. Symptoms can vary but often include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and palpitations. Some individuals may experience swelling in the ankles or feet. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and may include tests such as an echocardiogram, which uses sound waves to create images of the heart, or other imaging techniques like an MRI or CT scan. Additionally, a doctor may listen to the heart for abnormal sounds, known as murmurs. Treatment options depend on the severity of the disease and may involve medication to manage symptoms or prevent complications. In more serious cases, surgical interventions might be necessary to repair or replace the affected valve. Regular monitoring and follow-up with a healthcare professional are essential for managing heart valve disease effectively.
Heat exhaustion and heatstroke
Heat exhaustion and heatstroke occur when your body overheats, and both can be quite serious. These conditions typically arise during a heatwave or in hot climates, but they can also result from engaging in very strenuous exercise.
Heat rash (prickly heat)
Heat rash, known as prickly heat or miliaria rubra, is characterised by an itchy rash made up of small, raised bumps. It often causes a stinging or prickling feeling on the skin.
Heavy periods
Learn about heavy menstrual bleeding, known as menorrhagia, and explore treatment options if it is impacting your everyday activities.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is a condition that causes small blood vessels to become inflamed, leading to various symptoms. Common signs include a distinctive purplish rash, often found on the buttocks and legs, joint pain, abdominal pain, and kidney issues. If you notice these symptoms, especially the rash or severe pain, it's important to seek medical advice promptly. While HSP can often resolve on its own, some cases may require treatment to manage symptoms or complications. Treatment may involve pain relief, such as paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and in more severe cases, corticosteroids might be prescribed to reduce inflammation. Monitoring kidney function is also crucial, as HSP can affect the kidneys in some individuals. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalised advice and management of the condition.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver. Learn about the symptoms, causes, various types, and when it's important to seek medical attention.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water, or through close contact with an infected person. Prevention is key when it comes to hepatitis A. Vaccination is highly effective in preventing the infection, and it is recommended for individuals at higher risk, such as travellers to certain countries, and those with specific health conditions. Practising good hygiene, such as thorough handwashing with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before handling food, can also help reduce the risk of infection. Symptoms of hepatitis A can vary in severity and may include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and jaundice, which is a yellowing of the skin and eyes. These symptoms usually appear two to six weeks after exposure to the virus and can last for several weeks. Most people recover from hepatitis A without requiring specific treatment, as the body typically clears the virus on its own. Rest, hydration, and a healthy diet can help support recovery. In rare cases, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing liver conditions, hepatitis A can lead to more serious complications that may require medical attention.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels, affecting various organs, particularly the lungs, kidneys, and sinuses. Symptoms can vary widely but often include persistent nasal congestion, sinus pain, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, fever, and kidney issues such as blood in the urine. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, blood tests to check for specific antibodies, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. A biopsy of affected tissue may also be necessary to confirm the presence of granulomas, which are clusters of immune cells characteristic of the disease. Treatment usually involves medications to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation. This often includes corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to manage symptoms effectively and prevent serious complications. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers are important to monitor the condition and adjust treatment as needed.
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a genetic condition that affects blood vessels, leading to abnormal blood vessel formation. This disorder can cause a range of symptoms, including frequent nosebleeds, small red or purple spots on the skin and mucous membranes, and potential complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding or arteriovenous malformations in organs like the lungs or brain. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that only one copy of the mutated gene from an affected parent can lead to the syndrome in their child. The underlying cause is usually a mutation in one of several genes involved in blood vessel development. Management of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications. This may include regular monitoring for bleeding, treatment of nosebleeds through cauterisation, and, in some cases, surgical interventions to manage arteriovenous malformations. Patients are also advised to avoid activities that could increase the risk of bleeding and may benefit from genetic counselling to understand their risks and family planning options.
Group B strep
Learn about group B streptococcus, a type of bacteria known as streptococci, and its potential impact on you and your baby during pregnancy.
Hernia
Hernias happen when an internal organ or tissue bulges through a weak spot in the muscle or the surrounding tissue wall.
Hereditary spastic paraplegia
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) refers to a rare collection of genetic disorders that primarily lead to increasing weakness and stiffness in the leg muscles. These symptoms typically worsen gradually over time.
Hiatus hernia
A hiatus hernia occurs when a portion of your stomach pushes up through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. This condition can arise due to various factors, including age-related weakening of the diaphragm, obesity, pregnancy, or persistent coughing and straining. Symptoms may include heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. If treatment is necessary, options can range from lifestyle changes, such as diet modifications and weight loss, to medications that reduce stomach acid. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to correct the hernia.
Umbilical hernia
Discover more about umbilical hernias, including their symptoms, treatment options, and potential causes. An umbilical hernia occurs when a portion of the intestine or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles near the belly button. Common symptoms include a noticeable bulge in the area, discomfort, or pain, especially when coughing, lifting, or straining. Treatment typically involves surgical intervention to repair the hernia, especially if it causes pain or complications. Factors contributing to umbilical hernias can include obesity, pregnancy, chronic coughing, or straining during bowel movements.
Herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger)
Herpetic whitlow, also known as whitlow finger, is a painful infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. This condition typically manifests as blisters or sores on the fingers or around the nails, leading to swelling, redness, and discomfort in the affected area. The initial symptoms may include tingling or itching before the blisters appear. The primary cause of herpetic whitlow is direct contact with the herpes virus, often through a break in the skin. This can happen if an individual comes into contact with an active herpes sore or if they touch their own mouth or genitals and then their fingers. Healthcare workers and individuals who engage in oral sex are at higher risk. Treatment for herpetic whitlow focuses on managing symptoms and may include antiviral medications to speed up healing and reduce the severity of the outbreak. Pain relief can be achieved with over-the-counter painkillers, and keeping the affected area clean and dry is essential. In severe cases, a healthcare professional may need to drain large blisters. It’s important to avoid touching the sores and to wash hands frequently to prevent spreading the virus.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)
Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic and painful skin condition that leads to the formation of abscesses and scars on the skin.
Neonatal herpes (herpes in a baby)
Neonatal herpes, or herpes simplex virus infection in newborns, is a serious condition that can occur when a baby is exposed to the herpes virus during delivery or shortly after birth. This infection can lead to severe health complications, including skin, eye, and mouth infections, and in some cases, can affect the central nervous system. It's important for expectant mothers to be aware of the risks, especially if they have a history of genital herpes. If a mother has active herpes lesions at the time of delivery, it's crucial to discuss the safest delivery options with healthcare providers to minimise the risk of transmission to the baby. Symptoms of neonatal herpes can appear within the first few weeks of life and may include lethargy, irritability, poor feeding, and the presence of blisters or sores. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital for improving outcomes, so any concerns should be addressed promptly with a healthcare professional. For further information and support, consider visiting reputable health websites or contacting healthcare providers. Resources such as the NHS website and charity organisations can offer valuable insights and guidance for families affected by this condition.
High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia)
Learn about high blood sugar, also known as hyperglycaemia. This condition occurs when there is too much glucose in the blood. Common symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. A blood sugar level above 7 mmol/L when fasting, or higher than 11 mmol/L two hours after eating, is generally considered high. Managing your blood sugar levels can be achieved through a balanced diet, regular physical activity, staying hydrated, and, if necessary, medication as prescribed by your healthcare provider.
Hirschsprung's disease
Hirschsprung's disease is an uncommon bowel disorder primarily identified in infants and young children. Learn more about its symptoms, underlying causes, and available treatments.
HIV and AIDS
Learn about the signs and symptoms of HIV and AIDS, the treatments that are accessible, and the ways to prevent both contracting and transmitting the infection.
Hives
Learn about hives, also known as urticaria, which is a raised, itchy rash often triggered by reactions to items such as food, pollen, insect stings, or chemicals.
Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, fever, and persistent fatigue. If you suspect you might have Hodgkin lymphoma, it’s important to see your GP for an evaluation. They may refer you for tests, including blood tests or imaging scans, to confirm a diagnosis. Treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma usually involves chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination of both, depending on the stage of the disease and other individual factors. In some cases, stem cell transplants may be considered. Support is available for those affected by Hodgkin lymphoma, including counselling services, support groups, and resources from charities dedicated to cancer care. Connecting with others who have experienced similar challenges can be beneficial for emotional support.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 200 related viruses, some of which can lead to various health issues. HPV is primarily transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Certain types of HPV can cause genital warts, while others are linked to more serious conditions such as cervical cancer and other types of cancer affecting the genital area, throat, and mouth. To reduce the risk of HPV infection, vaccination is available and recommended for both males and females, ideally before they become sexually active. Additionally, practising safe sex by using condoms can help lower the chances of transmission, although it does not provide complete protection. Regular screening for cervical cancer is also essential for women, as it can help detect any changes caused by HPV early on.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus, often referred to as fluid on the brain, is a condition characterised by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cavities of the brain, known as ventricles. This build-up can lead to increased pressure inside the skull, potentially causing various symptoms. Common symptoms of hydrocephalus can vary by age. In infants, signs may include an unusually large head, rapid head growth, vomiting, irritability, and poor feeding. In older children and adults, symptoms might include headaches, blurred vision, balance problems, cognitive difficulties, and changes in personality. The causes of hydrocephalus can be diverse. It may occur due to congenital factors, meaning a person is born with the condition, or it can develop later in life due to factors such as brain injuries, infections like meningitis, tumours, or bleeding in the brain. There are several types of hydrocephalus. Communicating hydrocephalus occurs when the flow of CSF is blocked after it exits the ventricles, while non-communicating hydrocephalus results from a blockage within the ventricles themselves. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a specific type that typically affects older adults and is characterised by an increase in CSF with normal ventricular size. Diagnosing hydrocephalus usually involves a combination of physical examinations and imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, which can help doctors assess the size of the ventricles and identify any underlying issues. Treatment often involves the surgical insertion of a shunt, a device that helps drain excess fluid from the brain to another part of the body, where it can be absorbed. In some cases, endoscopic third ventriculostomy may be performed, creating a new pathway for CSF flow. Complications of untreated hydrocephalus can be serious and may include permanent brain damage, cognitive impairments, and mobility issues. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to managing the condition effectively and minimising potential complications.
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease is a hereditary condition that affects the brain, leading to a progressive decline in movement, cognitive abilities, and emotional health. Symptoms typically emerge in mid-adulthood, although they can appear at any age. Common signs include involuntary jerking or writhing movements (chorea), difficulties with coordination and balance, changes in mood such as depression or irritability, and problems with memory and judgement. The condition is caused by a genetic mutation in the HTT gene, which results in the production of an abnormal form of the huntingtin protein. This mutation is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease if one parent is affected. Currently, there is no cure for Huntington's disease, but various treatments can help manage symptoms. Medications may be prescribed to alleviate movement disorders and emotional disturbances. Additionally, supportive therapies, such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and counselling, can improve quality of life for those affected and their families. Regular follow-ups with healthcare professionals are essential to monitor the progression of the disease and adjust treatment plans as necessary.
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis is a condition where one or both kidneys become swollen due to a build-up of urine. This occurs when there's an obstruction in the urinary tract that prevents urine from draining properly. Symptoms of hydronephrosis can vary but often include pain in the side or back, abdominal discomfort, frequent urination, or an urgent need to urinate. In some cases, there may be signs of an infection, such as fever or chills. The causes of hydronephrosis are diverse. They can include kidney stones, urinary tract infections, congenital abnormalities, or conditions that compress the urinary tract, such as tumours or enlarged prostate in men. To diagnose hydronephrosis, doctors typically start with a physical examination and may order imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan, to visualise the kidneys and urinary tract. Blood tests and urine tests can also help assess kidney function and identify any underlying issues. Treatment for hydronephrosis focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the obstruction. This could involve procedures to remove kidney stones, antibiotics for infections, or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities. In some cases, a catheter may be placed to help drain urine and relieve pressure on the kidneys. Regular follow-ups are essential to monitor kidney function and prevent complications.
Noise sensitivity (hyperacusis)
Hyperacusis is a condition characterised by an increased sensitivity to sounds that typically do not bother most individuals. Those affected may find everyday noises, such as a ringing phone or clattering dishes, overwhelmingly loud or uncomfortable. Symptoms of hyperacusis can vary but often include a heightened perception of sound, discomfort or pain in response to sounds that others find normal, and anxiety about being in noisy environments. Some individuals may also experience ear pain or a sensation of fullness in the ears. The causes of hyperacusis can be diverse. It may arise from exposure to loud noises, certain medical conditions, or as a result of ear damage. Other factors can include stress, anxiety, or conditions like tinnitus, where ringing in the ears accompanies the sound sensitivity. Treatment options for hyperacusis often focus on managing symptoms and may include sound therapy, which helps desensitise the auditory system to certain noises. Other approaches can involve counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), or hearing protection in particularly noisy situations. Consulting with a healthcare professional is essential for a tailored approach to managing this condition effectively.
Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism)
Learn about hyperthyroidism, also known as an overactive thyroid, including its symptoms, when to consult your GP, available treatments, and the underlying causes.
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This can lead to elevated levels of calcium in the blood, which may result in various symptoms. Common signs include fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, bone pain, and increased thirst or urination. There are two main types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperparathyroidism is often caused by a benign tumour on one of the parathyroid glands, while secondary hyperparathyroidism usually occurs in response to low calcium levels, often due to kidney disease. Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and the symptoms present. In cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, surgical removal of the affected gland(s) is often recommended. For secondary hyperparathyroidism, managing the underlying cause, such as improving kidney function, may help. Additionally, medications may be prescribed to help control calcium levels or manage symptoms. It's important to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis and to discuss the most suitable treatment plan.
Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia)
Learn about low blood sugar, also known as hypoglycaemia, including its symptoms, possible causes, treatment options, and ways to prevent it.
Hypothermia
Learn about hypothermia, which occurs when the body temperature falls below 35°C (with a normal body temperature typically around 37°C). If you notice someone showing signs of hypothermia, it’s essential to go to Accident & Emergency or call 999 right away.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can lead to both acute and chronic diseases. It is transmitted through contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of an infected person. Common routes of transmission include unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, and from mother to baby during childbirth. Symptoms of hepatitis B can vary. Some individuals may experience mild symptoms or none at all, while others may develop more severe signs such as fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, light-coloured stools, and abdominal pain. Symptoms typically appear 6 weeks to 6 months after exposure to the virus. Treatment options depend on whether the infection is acute or chronic. For acute hepatitis B, medical intervention may not be necessary, as the body often clears the virus on its own. In cases of chronic infection, antiviral medications can help manage the virus and reduce the risk of liver damage. Regular monitoring by a healthcare professional is essential to assess liver function and any potential complications. Complications of hepatitis B can include chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and an increased risk of liver cancer. Early detection and ongoing management are crucial for reducing these risks and maintaining liver health.
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone is essential for regulating calcium levels in the blood and maintaining bone health. When PTH levels are low, it can lead to a decrease in calcium levels, resulting in various symptoms. Common symptoms of hypoparathyroidism may include tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes, muscle cramps or spasms, fatigue, anxiety, and in some cases, seizures. Individuals might also experience dry skin, brittle nails, and hair loss. Treatment for hypoparathyroidism typically involves managing calcium and vitamin D levels to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications. This often includes oral calcium supplements and active forms of vitamin D, which help to increase calcium absorption from the diet. In some cases, additional medications may be prescribed to help regulate calcium levels more effectively. Regular monitoring by a healthcare professional is essential to ensure proper management of the condition.
Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
Learn about an underactive thyroid, also known as hypothyroidism. This condition occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to various symptoms. Common signs include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and depression. Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy, often with a medication called levothyroxine, which helps restore hormone levels to normal. It's essential to have regular check-ups to monitor hormone levels and adjust medication as needed. If left untreated, hypothyroidism can lead to complications such as heart problems, mental health issues, and in severe cases, myxedema coma, which is a rare but life-threatening condition. For support and further information, you can connect with healthcare professionals or thyroid support groups that can provide guidance and resources tailored to your needs.
Inflammatory bowel disease
Learn about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including its symptoms, treatment options, causes, and available support. IBD encompasses conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which result in chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms, and in some cases, surgery may be necessary. The exact cause of IBD remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. For support, there are numerous resources available, including patient organisations and online communities that can provide information and connect you with others facing similar challenges.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease characterised by the scarring of lung tissue, which leads to difficulties in breathing. Common symptoms include a persistent dry cough, shortness of breath, particularly during physical activity, and fatigue. As the condition advances, these symptoms can worsen, significantly affecting daily life. Treatment options for IPF primarily focus on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Antifibrotic medications, such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, are often prescribed to help reduce lung scarring. In addition, supportive therapies, including pulmonary rehabilitation and oxygen therapy, can enhance quality of life. In severe cases, a lung transplant may be considered. The outlook for individuals with IPF varies. While the disease can progress rapidly in some patients, others may experience a slower decline. Regular follow-ups with healthcare professionals are crucial for monitoring the condition and adjusting treatment as needed. Early diagnosis and intervention can improve outcomes and help manage symptoms effectively.
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis is a skin condition characterised by dry, scaly skin. It can vary in severity and is often hereditary. If you notice persistent dryness or scaling that doesn't improve with regular moisturising, it's advisable to seek medical advice. Treatment options typically include emollients to hydrate the skin, keratolytics to help remove scales, and sometimes topical steroids to reduce inflammation. There are several types of ichthyosis, each with unique features and causes, so understanding the specific type can help in managing the condition effectively.
Impetigo
Discover information about impetigo, a highly contagious skin infection that is generally not severe. Learn about its symptoms, when it's important to seek medical advice, available treatments, and ways to prevent it.
Urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence refers to the involuntary leakage of urine. It is a widespread issue that is believed to impact millions of individuals across the globe.
Indigestion
Discover more about indigestion, a frequent issue that leads to pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, known as dyspepsia, or a burning sensation behind the breastbone, referred to as heartburn.
Infected piercings
Learn about the signs of an infected piercing, including the steps to take if you suspect an infection. It’s also important to know how to properly clean your piercing to prevent any infections from occurring.
Infertility
Learn about infertility, including its various causes, available treatment options, and when it's important to seek help and guidance.
Ingrown toenail
An ingrown toenail occurs when the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin, often leading to pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes infection. The big toe is most commonly affected, but it can occur on any toe. **Symptoms**: The typical signs of an ingrown toenail include tenderness around the toe, swelling, pain when pressure is applied, and in some cases, pus or bleeding if an infection develops. **Self-care**: If you notice the early signs of an ingrown toenail, there are some steps you can take at home. Soaking your foot in warm, salty water can help reduce swelling and pain. Wearing comfortable shoes and keeping your toenails trimmed straight across, rather than rounded, can also prevent worsening of the condition. **When to see a GP**: It’s advisable to consult a GP if the pain becomes severe, if you notice signs of infection (such as increased redness, swelling, or pus), or if you have diabetes or other conditions that affect your circulation or immunity. **Medical treatments**: A GP may recommend various treatments, depending on the severity of the ingrown toenail. This can range from a simple procedure to remove the ingrown part of the nail to antibiotics for an infection, or in more severe cases, a minor surgical procedure to remove the nail entirely. **Prevention**: To help prevent ingrown toenails, ensure you cut your toenails straight across and avoid cutting them too short. Wearing well-fitting shoes that don’t put pressure on your toes can also make a significant difference. Regular foot care is important, especially for those prone to foot problems.
Ingrown hairs
Learn about ingrown hairs, including their symptoms, self-treatment and prevention methods, as well as the treatments available from your GP.
Insect bites and stings
Learn about the most frequent insect bites and stings, how to manage them, and when it’s important to seek medical assistance.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a viral infection that affects the liver, potentially causing significant damage. It's important to understand the symptoms, causes, and available treatments for this condition.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common digestive condition that affects the large intestine. Symptoms often include abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhoea or constipation. If you suspect you have IBS, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis, as the symptoms can overlap with other conditions. Treatment for IBS typically involves dietary changes, such as increasing fibre intake or following a low-FODMAP diet, which can help manage symptoms. Stress management techniques and regular exercise may also be beneficial. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to alleviate specific symptoms. Support for IBS can be found through various resources, including healthcare providers, support groups, and online forums where you can connect with others experiencing similar challenges.
Insomnia
Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that can make it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get restful sleep. There are various reasons why someone might experience insomnia, including stress, anxiety, depression, certain medications, or underlying health issues. Lifestyle factors, such as irregular sleep schedules, excessive caffeine or alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity, can also contribute to sleep disturbances. To treat insomnia, it's important to identify and address any underlying causes. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is often recommended as a first-line treatment, as it helps individuals change unhelpful thoughts and behaviours related to sleep. In some cases, healthcare professionals might suggest short-term use of sleep medications. Additionally, adopting good sleep hygiene practices, such as maintaining a consistent sleep routine, creating a comfortable sleep environment, and avoiding screens before bed, can significantly improve sleep quality.
Intracranial hypertension
Intracranial hypertension refers to an increase in pressure surrounding the brain. This condition can lead to intense headaches and visual disturbances.
Japanese encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis is a viral infection that affects the brain and is primarily spread by mosquitoes. Those most at risk include individuals living in or travelling to rural areas of Asia, especially during the rainy season when mosquito populations are high. To reduce the risk of infection, it's important to take preventive measures such as using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved clothing, and sleeping under mosquito nets. Vaccination is also recommended for people planning to spend extended periods in high-risk areas. Symptoms of Japanese encephalitis can range from mild to severe and may include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and confusion. In more severe cases, it can lead to seizures, paralysis, or even coma. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care, as there is no specific antiviral treatment for the infection. This may involve hospitalisation for monitoring and managing symptoms. Early intervention is crucial for improving outcomes.
Jaundice
Jaundice is a condition where the skin and the whites of the eyes take on a yellowish tint. This occurs due to an accumulation of a substance known as bilirubin in the body.
Newborn jaundice
Discover more about jaundice, a frequent and typically benign condition in newborns that leads to a yellow tint in the skin and the sclera, or whites of the eyes.
Temporomandibular disorder (TMD)
Learn more about temporomandibular disorder (TMD), which impacts the muscles involved in chewing as well as the joints that connect the lower jaw to the base of the skull.
Jellyfish and other sea creature stings
If you get stung by a sea creature, it's important to know how to respond. Generally, first aid measures can be taken, but you should call 999 for an ambulance if you experience serious symptoms, such as significant swelling.
Jet lag
Discover the reasons behind jet lag and learn how to lessen its impact. Ensure you get enough rest prior to your journey and attempt to shift your sleep schedule to align with the time zone of your destination.
Joint hypermobility syndrome
Joint hypermobility syndrome occurs when individuals experience pain and stiffness due to their joints being excessively flexible. Learn more about the methods used for diagnosis and the management of this condition.
Kawasaki disease
Kawasaki disease is a rare illness that leads to inflammation of the blood vessels and primarily impacts children under the age of five.
Keloid scars
Keloid scars are raised areas of skin that form when the body produces excess collagen during the healing process after an injury, surgery, or even minor skin damage. They are often larger than the original wound and can appear red, purple, or darker than the surrounding skin. Keloids can cause discomfort or itching, and while they are not harmful, they may be cosmetically concerning for some individuals. Treatment options for keloid scars include corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation, silicone gel sheets to flatten the scar, and laser therapy to improve the appearance. In some cases, surgical removal may be considered, but this can sometimes lead to the keloid returning, so it is essential to discuss all options with a healthcare professional. Keloids tend to occur more frequently in individuals with darker skin tones and can be influenced by genetic factors. They are most commonly found on the chest, shoulders, back, and earlobes. If you notice a scar that is growing in size, changing in colour, or causing discomfort, it’s advisable to seek medical advice. A healthcare provider can assess the scar and recommend the best course of action tailored to your situation.
Keratosis pilaris
Keratosis pilaris is a common skin condition characterised by small, rough bumps, often found on the upper arms, thighs, cheeks, and buttocks. These bumps are typically skin-coloured or slightly red and can sometimes be itchy. The condition occurs due to a build-up of keratin, a protein that protects the skin, which clogs hair follicles. While keratosis pilaris is harmless and usually doesn't require medical treatment, there are several self-care methods you can try to manage the symptoms. Regularly moisturising the affected areas can help soften the skin. Using gentle exfoliating products containing alpha-hydroxy acids or urea can also be beneficial in removing dead skin cells and reducing the bumps. It's important to avoid harsh scrubs that may irritate the skin. The exact cause of keratosis pilaris isn't fully understood, but it tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component. It often appears during childhood or adolescence and may improve with age. Factors such as dry skin, eczema, or certain skin types can also contribute to its development.
Kidney cancer
Learn about kidney cancer, including its symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and where to seek support.
Kidney stones
Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. They can vary in size and may cause significant discomfort. Common symptoms of kidney stones include severe pain in the back or side, blood in the urine, frequent urination, and nausea or vomiting. Several factors can contribute to the formation of kidney stones. These include dehydration, certain diets high in salt or protein, obesity, and specific medical conditions that affect how the body processes calcium and other substances. Treatment options for kidney stones depend on their size and location. Smaller stones may pass through the urinary tract without intervention, while larger stones may require medications to help manage pain or procedures like shock wave lithotripsy, which breaks the stones into smaller pieces. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove larger stones. Preventing kidney stones often involves lifestyle changes. Staying well-hydrated is crucial, as it helps dilute substances in the urine that can lead to stones. Additionally, dietary adjustments, such as reducing salt and animal protein intake, can be beneficial. Maintaining a healthy weight and addressing underlying health issues can also play a role in prevention.
Kidney infection
Learn about kidney infection, known as pyelonephritis, which is a form of urinary tract infection. This condition can present various symptoms, including fever, chills, back or side pain, and painful urination. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection, and in some cases, hospitalisation may be necessary for more severe infections. It’s important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent symptoms, severe pain, or notice blood in your urine, as prompt care can prevent complications.
Meniscus tear (knee cartilage damage)
Meniscus tears refer to damage to the cartilage in the knee, which can result in various symptoms. Common signs of a meniscus tear include pain, swelling, stiffness, and difficulty moving the knee, particularly when bending or straightening it. Sometimes, you might feel a clicking or locking sensation in the joint. To help manage the symptoms at home, you can try resting the knee and avoiding activities that worsen the pain. Applying ice to the affected area can help reduce swelling, while elevating the knee may also provide some relief. Over-the-counter painkillers, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol, can help alleviate discomfort. It's important to seek medical advice if you experience severe pain, persistent swelling, or if the knee feels unstable. Additionally, if you cannot bear weight on the leg or if your symptoms do not improve after a few days of self-care, you should consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment options.
Knock knees
Knock knees, medically known as genu valgum, is a condition where a person's knees angle inwards and touch each other when standing straight, while the feet remain apart. This can be observed in children, especially between the ages of 2 and 5, as part of their natural growth and development. Common symptoms of knock knees include the knees touching or crossing when standing or walking, and it may lead to discomfort in the knees or legs during physical activities. In most cases, this condition resolves itself as children grow older, but if it persists or is accompanied by pain, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional. If you suspect that you or your child may have knock knees, it’s important to seek advice from your GP. They can assess the situation and determine if any treatment is necessary. In cases where treatment is needed, options may include exercises to strengthen the muscles around the knees, orthotic devices, or in more severe cases, surgery. Early intervention can help ensure better outcomes, so don’t hesitate to reach out for support if you have concerns.
Knocked-out tooth
Learn how to care for a knocked-out tooth while waiting to see a dentist.
Kyphosis
Kyphosis is a condition characterised by an excessive curvature of the spine, resulting in a noticeable hunch in the upper back. Symptoms can vary but often include back pain, stiffness, and a visibly rounded back. In some cases, it may also lead to breathing difficulties or fatigue due to the pressure it places on the lungs and other organs. There are several potential causes of kyphosis. It can develop as a result of poor posture, particularly in adolescents, or may be due to degenerative diseases such as arthritis. Other factors include osteoporosis, where bones become fragile and weak, and certain congenital conditions where the spine doesn't form correctly at birth. Diagnosing kyphosis typically involves a physical examination, during which a healthcare professional will assess the curvature of the spine. Imaging tests, such as X-rays, may also be used to determine the severity of the curvature and to rule out other conditions. Treatment for kyphosis depends on its severity and the underlying cause. For mild cases, monitoring and exercises to strengthen the back muscles may be sufficient. More severe cases might require bracing or even surgery to correct the curvature and alleviate symptoms. Pain relief options and physical therapy can also be beneficial in managing discomfort associated with the condition.
Lactose intolerance
Lactose intolerance is a common condition where the body struggles to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. Symptoms typically include bloating, diarrhoea, stomach cramps, and flatulence, which usually occur within a few hours after consuming lactose-containing foods. To manage lactose intolerance, various treatments are available. Many individuals find relief by reducing or eliminating dairy from their diets. Lactose-free products are also widely available, allowing those affected to enjoy dairy without discomfort. Additionally, over-the-counter lactase enzyme supplements can help break down lactose when taken before meals. To determine if you have lactose intolerance, your doctor may recommend a few tests. The most common include the hydrogen breath test, where you breathe into a device to measure hydrogen levels after consuming a lactose-rich drink, and the lactose tolerance test, which checks blood glucose levels after lactose ingestion. Lactose intolerance can be caused by a deficiency in lactase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose. This deficiency can be genetic or develop over time, particularly in adulthood, as some people naturally produce less lactase as they age.
Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis
Labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis, sometimes referred to as vestibular neuronitis, are conditions that affect the inner ear and can cause balance issues. It's important to understand the symptoms of these conditions, know when to seek medical assistance, and be aware of the treatment options available. Labyrinthitis typically involves inflammation of the inner ear structures, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Vestibular neuritis, on the other hand, primarily affects the vestibular nerve, resulting in severe dizziness or vertigo, but usually does not involve hearing loss. If you experience sudden, severe dizziness, difficulty maintaining balance, or persistent ear-related symptoms, it's advisable to consult a healthcare professional. These symptoms can significantly impact your daily life and may require specific medical evaluation. Treatment for both conditions may include medications to alleviate symptoms such as nausea and dizziness, as well as vestibular rehabilitation therapy to help restore balance. In some cases, addressing the underlying cause, such as an infection, may also be necessary. Always seek guidance from your doctor for the best course of action tailored to your individual needs.
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a rare disorder that impacts the nerves, leading to muscle weakness along with various other symptoms.
Laryngeal cancer
Laryngeal cancer refers to cancer that develops in the larynx, commonly known as the voice box. Symptoms can include a persistent hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing, a lump in the neck, persistent cough, or ear pain. If you suspect you may have laryngeal cancer, it’s important to consult your GP as soon as possible for an evaluation. Treatment options vary based on the stage and location of the cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. Your healthcare team will work with you to determine the best course of action. Support is available through various organisations and support groups that can offer guidance and help you connect with others facing similar challenges.
Laryngitis
Laryngitis occurs when the voice box, or larynx, becomes inflamed or irritated. The symptoms typically appear suddenly and tend to worsen over the first three days.
Leg cramps
Leg cramps are a frequent issue that occurs when the muscles in the leg tighten suddenly, causing discomfort and pain.
Venous leg ulcer
A leg ulcer is a persistent sore on your leg or foot that lasts longer than two weeks without healing.
Legionnaires' disease
Discover more about Legionnaires' disease, a rare yet serious lung infection that occurs when you breathe in water droplets containing the bacteria responsible for the illness.
Labial fusion
Labial fusion refers to the condition where the small inner lips, known as the labia minora, at the vaginal opening stick together. This is quite common in girls under the age of 7. In most cases, it resolves naturally without intervention, but if needed, treatment options include topical creams or, in very rare instances, surgical procedures.
Learning disabilities
A learning disability influences how an individual acquires new knowledge and skills over their lifetime.
Klinefelter syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition where male infants are born with an additional X chromosome. This results in a range of symptoms, which may include delayed development, learning difficulties, and physical traits such as taller stature and reduced muscle tone. The exact cause of Klinefelter syndrome is not fully understood, but it occurs due to a random error during the formation of reproductive cells, leading to the presence of an extra chromosome. Treatment for Klinefelter syndrome typically involves managing the symptoms and may include hormone replacement therapy to address testosterone deficiencies, educational support for learning challenges, and physical therapy to improve muscle strength. Early diagnosis and intervention can significantly enhance the quality of life for those affected by this condition.
Leptospirosis (Weil's disease)
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria known as Leptospira. These bacteria are often found in water or soil that has been contaminated with the urine of infected animals, particularly rodents. People can become infected through direct contact with contaminated water, soil, or even by handling animals that carry the bacteria. Symptoms of leptospirosis can vary widely, but they often start with flu-like signs such as fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue. In some cases, it can progress to more severe symptoms, including jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), kidney damage, or respiratory issues. If you suspect you have leptospirosis, it is important to seek medical help promptly. Your GP can provide a diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment, which typically involves antibiotics to help clear the infection. In more serious cases, hospitalisation may be necessary for supportive care. To reduce the risk of contracting leptospirosis, it's advisable to avoid swimming or wading in potentially contaminated water, wear protective clothing when dealing with animals or working in wet environments, and ensure proper sanitation and rodent control in your surroundings.