Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea can be linked to a range of health issues. It’s important to speak with a healthcare professional if you notice this symptom.
When to seek medical help
If your diarrhoea is severe, sudden, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms, seek urgent medical attention. Always consult a healthcare professional if you are concerned.
Conditions related to diarrhoea
Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to a rapid decline in kidney function, which can lead to the kidneys not functioning effectively. This condition can vary in severity, from a slight reduction in kidney performance to total kidney failure.
Chronic pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis is a long-term inflammation of the pancreas, which can lead to permanent damage. Common symptoms include persistent abdominal pain, often in the upper abdomen, that may radiate to the back. Individuals may also experience weight loss, digestive issues such as diarrhoea or fatty stools, and nausea. Treatment for chronic pancreatitis focuses on managing symptoms and addressing complications. This may include lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and following a low-fat diet. Pain relief can be managed with medications, and in some cases, enzyme supplements may be prescribed to aid digestion. In more severe cases, surgical options might be considered to relieve pain or address complications. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to monitor the condition and adjust treatment as necessary.
Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infection
Learn about Clostridioides difficile, commonly referred to as C. difficile or C. diff. This bacterium can lead to a range of symptoms, primarily affecting the digestive system. Key symptoms include severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever, and nausea. Certain groups of people are at a higher risk of infection, particularly those who have recently taken antibiotics, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems. Treatment typically involves antibiotics specifically designed to combat C. difficile, and in more severe cases, additional interventions may be necessary to manage complications.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic condition that impacts the digestive system, particularly the intestines. It can lead to a variety of symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fatigue, and weight loss. The exact cause of Crohn's disease remains unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Treatment for Crohn's disease typically focuses on managing symptoms and preventing flare-ups. This may include medications like anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, and antibiotics. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged sections of the intestine. Living with Crohn's disease can be challenging, as it may affect daily activities, work, and relationships. It's important for individuals with the condition to work closely with healthcare professionals to develop a management plan that suits their needs and to seek support from others who understand their experiences.
Cyclical vomiting syndrome
Cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterised by recurrent episodes of severe vomiting that can last for hours or even days. The symptoms typically include intense nausea, vomiting multiple times an hour, abdominal pain, and sometimes other symptoms like headaches or dizziness. The exact cause of CVS is not fully understood, but it may be linked to genetic factors, migraines, or stress. Certain triggers, such as specific foods, infections, or emotional stress, can provoke episodes in some individuals. Diagnosis of CVS often involves ruling out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms. This may include medical history reviews, physical examinations, and various tests to exclude other gastrointestinal or metabolic disorders. Treatment for CVS focuses on managing symptoms and preventing future episodes. This can include medications to control nausea and vomiting, lifestyle changes, and identifying and avoiding triggers. Support from healthcare professionals, including dietitians and mental health specialists, can also be beneficial for those affected by the condition.
Cyclospora
Cyclospora is a type of parasite that can cause an intestinal infection known as cyclosporiasis. This infection is typically contracted by consuming food or water contaminated with the parasite's spores. It is often associated with fresh produce, such as berries, salad greens, and herbs, especially if they have been contaminated during growing or harvesting. Cyclospora is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, but cases have been reported in various parts of the world, including the UK, particularly when food is imported from affected areas. Symptoms of cyclosporiasis usually appear about one week after infection and can include watery diarrhoea, stomach cramps, nausea, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Some people may also experience weight loss and bloating. The symptoms can persist for several weeks if not treated, making it important to seek medical advice if you suspect you have been infected.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition that can occur in individuals with diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes. It arises when the body starts breaking down fat for energy due to a lack of insulin, leading to a build-up of acids called ketones in the blood. Common symptoms of DKA include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness or fatigue, and a fruity-smelling breath. If you experience these signs, it's crucial to seek medical assistance immediately, as DKA can escalate rapidly and become life-threatening. Preventing DKA involves careful management of diabetes. This includes regularly monitoring blood sugar levels, adhering to your insulin regimen, staying hydrated, and being mindful of any illness or stress that may affect your blood glucose. It's also important to know the signs of high blood sugar and how to respond effectively.
Diverticular disease and diverticulitis
Diverticular disease and diverticulitis are common health issues that impact the large intestine, also known as the bowel.
Food allergy
Discover more about food allergies, including their symptoms, potential causes, and available treatment options.
Food intolerance
Food intolerance refers to difficulty digesting certain foods, leading to various symptoms. Common signs include bloating, stomach pain, gas, diarrhoea, and nausea, which can occur within a few hours or even days after consuming the problematic food. Unlike food allergies, food intolerances do not involve the immune system. Diagnosing food intolerance typically starts with a detailed discussion of your symptoms and eating habits with a healthcare professional. They may suggest keeping a food diary to track your meals and any related symptoms. In some cases, they might recommend specific tests, such as blood tests or elimination diets, to identify the offending food. Treatment for food intolerance primarily involves dietary management. This means avoiding the foods that trigger your symptoms. A dietitian can provide guidance on how to maintain a balanced diet while excluding certain foods. In some instances, over-the-counter medications may help alleviate symptoms, but it’s best to consult a healthcare provider before using them.
Food poisoning
Food poisoning is an illness caused by consuming contaminated food or drink. Symptoms typically include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach cramps, and sometimes fever. These symptoms can appear within hours or days after eating contaminated food. If you suspect you have food poisoning, it’s important to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or clear broths. You can also rest and avoid solid foods until you feel better. Gradually reintroducing bland foods like toast, rice, or bananas can help as you recover. However, you should seek medical attention if your symptoms are severe or persistent, if you experience signs of dehydration (such as dark urine or dizziness), or if you have a high fever. Vulnerable groups, including young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems, should also consult a doctor sooner. Food poisoning can be caused by various factors, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites found in improperly cooked or stored food. Common culprits include raw or undercooked meat, unwashed fruits and vegetables, and contaminated water. Practising good hygiene and food safety can help prevent these illnesses.
Kidney infection
Learn about kidney infection, known as pyelonephritis, which is a form of urinary tract infection. This condition can present various symptoms, including fever, chills, back or side pain, and painful urination. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection, and in some cases, hospitalisation may be necessary for more severe infections. It’s important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent symptoms, severe pain, or notice blood in your urine, as prompt care can prevent complications.
Leptospirosis (Weil's disease)
Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria known as Leptospira. These bacteria are often found in water or soil that has been contaminated with the urine of infected animals, particularly rodents. People can become infected through direct contact with contaminated water, soil, or even by handling animals that carry the bacteria. Symptoms of leptospirosis can vary widely, but they often start with flu-like signs such as fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue. In some cases, it can progress to more severe symptoms, including jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), kidney damage, or respiratory issues. If you suspect you have leptospirosis, it is important to seek medical help promptly. Your GP can provide a diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment, which typically involves antibiotics to help clear the infection. In more serious cases, hospitalisation may be necessary for supportive care. To reduce the risk of contracting leptospirosis, it's advisable to avoid swimming or wading in potentially contaminated water, wear protective clothing when dealing with animals or working in wet environments, and ensure proper sanitation and rodent control in your surroundings.